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Infrared thermal imaging technology has been used in medicine since the 1960s (1) but fell out of favour with the introduction of more sophisticated imaging technologies. Recently, there has been a global resurgence in the utilisation of thermal imaging in many regions of the body (2) (Figure 1A). This has been possible due to improvements in camera capability along with development of advanced computational techniques to assist in reading of images. This report will review the important innovations that have renewed the utilisation of breast thermography to detect breast abnormalities.

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Arachnoid cysts are benign, congenital, space-occupying lesions that are filled with CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid). We report an unusual case of a multi-compartmental arachnoid cyst of 25 years old male who complained of gradually increasing headache. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large arachnoid cyst involving the left middle and anterior cranial fossae with sub-falcine extension into the right anterior cranial fossa.

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Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) in the post-partum period is rarely reported. It is majorly a complication of the hypercoagulability associated with both pregnancy and postpartum state. We report the case of a primiparous 19-year-old woman, who presented to the Emergency Department complaining of acute right flank pain. Doppler ultrasonography revealed thrombosis of the right renal vein with extension into the inferior vena cava (IVC). Contrast-enhanced abdominal computerized tomography (CT) confirmed the diagnosis. The outcome was favorable after anticoagulation therapy by Heparin was initiated. Practitioners need to be aware of the diagnosis of RVT. Imaging tests, especially contrast CT scans play a major role in the diagnosis and post-therapeutic assessment.

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Background: All general radiographic images must always display a correct permanent anatomical side marker (ASM). However, literature reports a decline in the use of permanent ASMs in digital radiography (DR). The ASM has been reported as one of the most common sources of error in radiography of which some have resulted in performing wrong-site surgery and treatment. Since the installation of a DR X-ray machine in 2015 at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) no research or audit has been conducted on this subject. Aim: This study aimed at auditing the use of ASMs in digital radiography (DR) and identifying the barriers to the use of permanent ASMs at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) of Lusaka, Zambia. Methodology: This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved a retrospective auditing of the use of ASMs in DR with a sample of 290 radiographic images. Data were collected using a checklist. The second phase was aimed at identifying the barriers to the use of permanent ASMs and suggestions to overcome them. Data were collected using an online questionnaire. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, whilst qualitative data from open-ended questions were analysed using content analysis. Results: In the first phase, all the audited images N=290 (100.0%) had electronic (digital) ASMs and were placed on the correct anatomical side (right or left). However, no image had a permanent ASM. A total of N=45 (18.8%) images had ASMs that obscured the anatomy. In the second phase, a total of N=20 (46.0%) respondents agreed that they do not always use permanent ASMs because of a lack of ASMs, increased workload, and time-consuming. Conclusion: This study revealed the non-use of permanent ASMs by radiographers and radiography students. The purchasing of permanent ASMs and delivery of educational awareness programme is recommended as well as frequent auditing.

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Introduction: Tumors of nerve sheath, neurofibroma and schwannoma represent 30% of intradural extramedullary tumors. Schwannomas and neurofibromas are histologically composed of Schwann cells. Schwannomas almost always arise from the dorsal sensory roots and form well- encapsulated firm masses that compress adjacent tissue, without invading the involved nerve. Neurofibromas are more complex and are composed of Schwann cells mixed with fibroblast they involve the parent nerve. Meningiomas comprise approximately 25% of primary intraspinal tumors and are second only to nerve sheath tumors in frequency. Spinal cord meningiomas are originate from meningothelial cells near the distal root ganglia. Most menongiomas are intradural extramedullary, only 5% are extradural. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of MRI in diagnosis of intradural extramedullary spinal tumors compared to histopathological findings. Methods: This was a cross sectional study and was conducted in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Sylhet M.A.G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet in collaboration with Department of Neurosurgery & Pathology of the same hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh during the period from September, 2018 to August 2020. Result: In total 35 patients completed the study. In our study we found the Mean ± SD of age was 41.71±13.9 in years. Majority (54%) of our patients presented with spinal tumor were male compared to female (46%).We found schwannoma was diagnosed by (42.9%), meningioma (31.4%), neurofibroma (25.7%) respectively. Neurofibroma & schwannoma showed male predominance with 66.67% & 60% while meningioma showed female predominance with 63.6%. We found majority (55.6%, 60% & 72.7%) of neurofibroma, schwannoma & meningioma was in dorsal region respectively. Conclusion: In our study we found that MRI is a very sensitive and effective imaging procedure of suspected spinal schwannoma tumor of the spinal cord for accurate pre-operative diagnosis and ........

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Background: Globally, breast cancer among females is the number one cause of morbidity at 11.6% and is the leading cause of mortality at 6.6%. In Zambia, it is the most common malignancy among women. However, the demographic characteristics of suspected breast cancer female patients accessing ultrasound breast cancer services in Zambia are still unclear. Objective: This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of suspected female breast cancer patients. The demographic characteristics may then be used by responsible authorities such as the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Zambia and aligned Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the Zambia cancer association in concentrating their efforts to curtail the scourge. Methods: Systematic random sampling was used for the selection of participants in this study. The selected participant’s demographic information was obtained from their medical records such as the medical files, Cancer Diseases Hospital (CDH) ultrasound register and University Teaching Hospital (UTH) histology registers. Further, the researcher personally interviewed the selected participants to obtain the demographic information required for the study. Results: The median age for the study participants was 43, with the interquartile range (IQR)=36-50. The median parity status was 3, with IQR=1-5. The majority of breast cancer patients were married (57) (55.9%) and employed (80) (78.4%). There was no significant difference in education level and classification of residence for study participants between participants with a histology-positive and histology-negative result, P greater than 0.05. Conclusion: This study has found evidence that the reproductive age group, low to no parity status, married marital status and employed employment status are associated with breast cancer. Education level and classification of residence did not show any association with breast cancer in this study.

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Bertolotti syndrome is a congenital spinal anomaly characterized by an abnormal enlargement of one or both transverse processes (mega-apophysis) of the most caudal lumbar vertebrae that articles or fuses with the sacrum and/or iliac bone resulting in a pseudo-articulation. This is often a factor that is not addressed in the evaluation and treatment of low back pain. The presence of a lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a common finding in the general population with a prevalence between 4 and 30%. However, Bertolotti syndrome should be considered a differential diagnosis of low back pain. The pathophysiology, epidemiology and treatment should be the subject of general knowledge of physicians who often treat this disease.