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The in-vivo antimalarial activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus against quinine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice was investigated. The twenty-two (22) albino mice used were divided into six groups. Three groups were treated with different doses of Phyllanthus amarus extracts (100, 250 and 500mg/kg), another group was treated with the standard drug quinine (10mg/kg), the other groups were not treated. The extract, at all concentrations, produced considerable antiplasmodial activity by reducing the level of parasitaemia which was comparable to that the standard drug quinine, in a 4 day suppressive test. In an 8th day suppressive test, the 250mg/kg leaf extract had the highest curative activity (85%) as comparable to the standard drug quinine (81%). The mean survival time ranged from 11 to 15 days. The antimalarial effect of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus and its influence on hematological profiles in treated and untreated mice were assessed. The untreated group of mice infected with the quinine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei recorded a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in PCV, RBC, MCV and neutrophils observably from day 4-8 post-infection while WBC and Platelets counts increased significantly (p<0.05) from day 4-8 post-infection. Administration of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus at different doses 100, 250, 500 mg/kg respectively to mice infected with Plasmodium berghei resulted in the normalization of hematological indices in the groups of mice infected and treated with the plant extract when compared with the data obtained for the experimental control groups of mice. Although, it was observed that the MCV and MCHC values did not vary significantly in the treated groups when compared with experiment control groups. Treatment with the 250 and 500mg/kg of the extract caused the serum AST, ALT and ALP levels of the mice to be within the normal range as comparable to mice treated with quinine. Phytoche

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Sialolipoma of the submandibular gland is very rare. We report a case of a 57-year-old woman who presented with a painless, slowly growing, mobile lump of the right submandibular gland. Clinical examination and FNA revealed chronic sialidenitis of the right submandibular gland. Exision was performed with uneventful postoperative course. The histology showed sialolipoma. Review of the 25 reported cases (including our case) of sialolipoma shows that this tumor is more common in the fifth decade of life, on the left side and the superficial lobe of parotid gland. It has a slight preference for men. Surgical excision is curative with minor complications and small recurrence rate. Histological examination is necessary to establish the diagnosis and to exclude malignancy.

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The problem of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, being one of the most serious complications of pregnancy, is still not fully understood. Its frequency in recent years (2009 and later) is 17-24% of the total number of pregnant women and women in labor. The health problem of children born to mothers with preeclampsia remains relevant, since every fourth child with this complication of pregnancy has the effects of hypoxia and stunted growth. This article explores the use of magnesia therapy in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia in the second half of pregnancy. Optimal doses of magnesia therapy and prophylactic measures to prevent eclampsia have been proposed.

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Verbal Autopsy has been a method used in getting information about the symptoms and signs that could have led to the death of a deceased in densely populated environment where the facilities and manpower are lacking and in most cases the population is of lowly poverty ridden, overwhelming area. This involves interviewing close relatives who may not even know anything about medical parlance about possible events and past history of ailment the individual must have been or suffered sequel to the death. This is then analysed at end of the whole exercise and possible cause of death of the deceased arrived at for death registration where available and for future studies; in terms of research and preventive measures instituted in the society.

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Objective: Prostate cancer is a very significant disease in the black community, yet underestimated! To assess the state of the disease in the Ghanaian community and working out the lifetime risk of the disease to provide the National road map for interventions. Method: Extensive literature review was conducted using search engines such as pubmed articles with the key word prostate cancer in Ghana from 2015-2019. The life time risk was also calculated based on statistics on prostate cancer available in literatures from 2015-2019. The number of men diagnosed with prostate cancer, their ages based on Ghana Health Service Report findings in 2015, Information on annual deaths from prostate cancer and men population (from the Population and Housing Census 2010(PHC) and projected 2.5 annual growth rate. Result: The author found out that, 4 out of every 10 male or 2 out of every 5 male Ghanaian Men will be diagnosed with Prostate Cancer at some points in their life. This is the life time risk of every Ghanaian male born from day one. This life time risk was solely centered on Ghanaian men, basing the figures on the 6-year single centre study at Brong-Ahafo Region to also represent the national outlook of the disease. Using the Brong Ahafo figure of 40.07% as national average brings 5,902,485 of the estimated current male population of 14,730,435 (based on the 2010 PHC male figure of 12,024,845 as adjusted by 2.5% annual growth rate) at risk of the disease. Conclusion: There has to be an urgent national discourse to address the gloomy picture of prostate cancer in Ghanaian men. The 4 out of every 10 male or 2 out of every 5 male life times risk also represents other studies calculated internationally in black men. However, this is the first study to focus on Ghanaian men in entirety.

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We report a case of a fractured peripheral intravenous cannula (PIVC) segment masquerading as persistent EJV thrombophlebitis in a 45-year-old female.

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AIM: Toxicity of colloidal silver is an important issue in the medical sector. The product manufactured by Edigalf Services had been submitted to the FDA in Ghana for registration as homeopathic immunecare after animal studies. This current paper addresses the total concentration or power dose of the product colloidal silver life water. Method: In Addressing the FDA position on the total concentration of the said product submitted for registration. The Manufacturer reviewed the previous duration of usage from two weeks to be taken (15ml) three teaspoonful three times daily on the label previously submitted. The new reviews on the label have the duration for twelve days (12) only and to be taken one teaspoonful (5ml) daily. Result: From the calculation, the total concentration of the product, colloidal silver life water for twelve(12)days duration is 600mcg which still falls within the ‘safe grade’ of the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)-IRIS Report-Silver. Conclusion: We report that, based on the total concentration or power dose for twelve (12) days, the product colloidal silver life water is within the acceptable grade of safety based on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-IRIS Report on Silver.

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Aim: This current paper examines the laboratory analysis of the first study on both safety and toxicity of colloidal silver life water manufactured by Edigaf Services in Ghana as homeopathic remedy. Method: The research institution, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ashanti region, Ghana conducted an extensive investigations into the product. Different departments of the University conducted different analysis. The Department of Pharmacology conducted two different tests. In the first test, twenty animals were divided into two groups, control (n=10) and test animals (n=10). The control received ad libitum of normal tap water while the test group was provided with Silver life water. Both groups were given normal rodent feed (Agricare Ltd, Kumasi, Ghana). Water bottles (300 ml) were refilled as and when needed. Animals were then observed daily for 5 days for signs of toxicity. In the second test, rats were divided in 3 groups (n=5) and treated with 0, 5 ml/kg and 8ml/kg of the test water (Silver life) and observed over 48 hours for signs of toxicity. In the third test, the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology/Environmental Science and Chemistry for microbiological and physicochemical analysis also compared the bacterial numbers and physicochemical properties of Silver Life Water and Raw Water in the laboratory. Result: In the first test, none of the animals died during the study period. There were also no signs of toxicity attributable to the water under study. In the second test, none of the animals died during period and no signs of toxicity attributable to the test water treatment were observed. The lethal dose (LD50) of the water was estimated to be above 8 ml/kg. The microbiological report revealed that the Silver Life Colloidal Water is of VERY GOOD QUALITY and that of the Raw water was equally good. Both product samples are microbiologically SAFE for drinking. They conform to WHO Guidelines and Ghana Standards (GS) 175-1:

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One of the main interventions offered in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is advanced respiratory support. An understanding of the indications and effects of mechanical ventilation is therefore essential for anyone working in this environment. Due to the homeostatic interactions between the lungs and other body systems, mechanical ventilation can affect nearly every organ system of the body. So care of the patient on mechanical in various aspects is really important.