ABSTRACT
Tightness of hamstring muscle is closely linked with movement dysfunction at the lumbar spine, pelvis and lower limbs coupled with low back pain. In the present study, purposively selected 50 collegiate students having asymptomatic hamstring tightness aged 18-26 years from Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, participated in two intervention groups, i.e. Mulligans bent leg raise (BLR) and muscle energy technique (MET). To evaluate the hamstring flexibility, active knee extension test, finger to floor test and sit and reach test of both right and left legs of all the subjects were measured at baseline and after 4th week of intervention. The results indicated significant improvement (p<0.001) in hamstring flexibility in asymptomatic students after the intervention using both Mulligans BLR and MET. After the 4th week intervention, when comparisons were made between these two groups, significant difference (p˂0.05) was found only in active knee extension test of right leg. It could be concluded that both Mulligans BLR and MET were effective in improving the hamstring muscle flexibility in individuals with asymptomatic hamstring muscle tightness. However, MET showed significantly more improvement after 4 weeks of intervention on hamstring flexibility in terms of active knee extension test of right leg as compared to Mulligans BLR technique

ABSTRACT
Plantar fasciitis is a common foot complication. It is a disorder of the connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot. It causes pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest. The present study deals with purposively selected 50 patients with plantar fasciitis aged 25-45 years from Physiotherapy Center of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India. The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups, calf stretching and Achilles tendon stretching for 4 weeks interventions. To evaluate the pain and foot function disability of the patients, visual analogue scale (VAS) and foot function index (FFI) were assessed from all the subjects in pre- and post-intervention stages. The results indicated significant reduction (p<0.001) in VAS and FFI in patients with Plantar fasciitis after 4-week interventions using both calf stretching and Achilles tendon stretching. The patients treated with Achilles tendon stretching had more significant (p<0.001) reduction both in VSA and FFI than the patients treated with calf stretching. In conclusion it could be stated that Patients who reported significant relief from symptoms at the end of 4-week interventions with Achilles tendon stretching were double that of the calf stretching.

ABSTRACT
Charcot osteoarthropathy is a debilitating disease associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus that has multiple orthopedic complications. Severe degenerative foot and ankle changes have been cited in the literature and remain a challenging pathology for treatment. A 61 year old female with severe Charcot osteoarthropathy to the left tibiotalar and subtalar joints treated successfully with a minimally invasive tibiotalocalcaneal hindfoot fusion nail construct. While multiple stabilization techniques exist to include cross screws, plates, and intramedullary devices, hindfoot nailing systems offer a technique with minimal periosteal stripping and soft tissue dissection. Tibiotalocalcaneal hindfoot fusion nails show promise to fast post-operative return to activities of daily living.

ABSTRACT
Introduction:- Tibio-talar arthrodesis remains the surgical procedure used most frequently for post-traumatic arthritis after conservative measures have been exhausted. Minimal invasive ankle arthrodesis with arthroscopic assistance have advantages over conventional one. Methods: - An evaluation of prospectively case series study done on 32 patients that underwent arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis in 2015-19. Clinical assessment was done foot and ankle disability index and visual analog scale score for pain. Radiological assessment was done by serial x rays. All patients underwent arthroscopic assisted ankle arthrodesis. Regular follow-ups were taken till one year. Results: - All cases showed radiological evidence of fusion at 3 months. After a mean 6 months follow up there was significant improvement in terms of foot and ankle disability index and visual analog scale in terms of pain. Conclusions: - Arthroscopic assisted ankle arthrodesis is a effective way to treat ankle arthritis where conservative management has failed.