ABSTRACT
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent widely used for treating various cancers, but is known for its detrimental side effects, including reproductive toxicity in males. The aim of this study to the effects of hydroethanol extracts of tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) against Doxorubicin (DOX) induced reproductive damage in male Wistar rats. A total of 35 rats were divided into seven groups with 5 rats per group and subjected to DOX-induced reproductive toxicity (15 mg/kg for three days), followed by administration of different doses of the plant extracts, for 27 days. On the 31st day animals were sacrificed and samples collected for the Biochemical analysis of reproductive hormone levels (FSH, LH, testosterone), sperm quality, and testicular histology. The DOX-only group showed significant reductions in sperm count, motility, hormone levels, and antioxidant status, with increased lipid peroxidation and abnormal testicular histology. Conversely, groups treated with tiger nuts and date palm extracts, particularly at high doses and in combination, demonstrated marked improvements in these parameters. Co-administration significantly restored hormone levels, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, improved sperm morphology and count, and reversed DOX-induced histopathological alterations. The findings confirm that tiger nuts and date palm possess strong antioxidant and fertility-enhancing properties capable of mitigating DOX-induced reproductive toxicity.

ABSTRACT
Background: The Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was created to enhance drug release sustainability, increase drug bioavailability, and improve patient compliance. Matrix dispersion transdermal patches distribute the drug in a solvent with polymers, and then the solvent evaporates to create a uniform drug-polymer matrix. The aim of this study was to create and develop transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) containing granisetron hydrochloride and assess its prolonged release in laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods: The study aims to develop a matrix-type transdermal treatment system that includes granisetron hydrochloride using different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer combinations through the solvent evaporation process. Results: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to investigate the physicochemical compatibility of the drug with the polymers. The results showed that there was no physical-chemical incompatibility between the drug and the polymers. The patches were subjected to further physical evaluations and in-vitro permeation studies. Conclusions: The patches containing Carbopol 934P and ethylcellulose, along with span 80 as the penetration enhancer, were identified as the most effective formulations for transdermal delivery of granisetron hydrochloride based on physical evaluation and in-vitro studies.

ABSTRACT
Background: Anaesthetic agents are gaining popularity in the world of diagnostic and surgical procedures, but little is known about their combined biochemical action. This paper compared the impacts of ketamine and lidocaine given alone and in combination with each other on serum electrolytes and plasma proteins in male Wistar rats. Methodology: 35 male Wistar rats randomized to five groups (n=6): control, lidocaine, lidocaine with adrenaline, ketamine, and ketamine with lidocaine. The samples of blood were taken out at the end of the experimental period by cardiac puncture. Automated biochemical methods were done to determine serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium), plasma proteins (total protein, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen). The data were presented in the form of mean ± SEM and compared by a one-way ANOVA with p=0.05. Results: Lidocaine adrenaline and ketamine had a significant impact on serum potassium levels in comparison with the control group, making it prone to hyperkalemia. Ketamine too raised serum calcium, total and globulin and fibrinogen levels significantly but albumin was not altered significantly. The level of Na+ and Cl were found to have small, non significant differences among the groups. Discussion: The observed case of hyperkalemia after administration of ketamine and lidocaine combined with adrenaline indicates the disruption of the ion transportation process on the membrane, and causes the concern of cardiovascular issues, particularly in patients with an underlying electrolyte disturbance, or with medications that inhibit the ion transport. The rise in the levels of calcium and globulin after the exposure of ketamine also points to the possible metabolic and inflammatory regulation. Conclusion: Ketamine and lidocaine combined and administered separately produce a significant change in serum potassium, calcium, and plasma protein. The use of these agents should hence be cautious especially among those individuals who are in

ABSTRACT
The study aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory properties of both plant extracts, assess their antidepressant-like effects in both acute and chronic models using the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST), examine their influence on reserpine-induced depressive symptoms such as ptosis, catatonia, and sedation, and explore whether Withania somnifera enhances the efficacy of the standard antidepressant imipramine. Methodologically, the study utilized established behavioral assays and biochemical evaluations in animal models to assess efficacy and safety. The results revealed that Piper longum, through its active compound piperine, functions as a potent, reversible, and selective MAO inhibitor, offering rapid antidepressant effects and a favorable safety profile. In contrast, Withania somnifera demonstrated a gradual yet sustained antidepressant action, mediated by modulation of multiple neurobiological systems, and showed enhanced effects when combined with imipramine. Both plants were well-tolerated, and their distinct mechanisms suggest potential for targeted or complementary use in managing various forms of depression.