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Abstract: Background: The increased risk of bacterial infections in the cancer patient is further compounded by the rising trends of antibiotic resistance in commonly implicated organisms. In Bangladesh the frequency of infections caused by E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus Spp. are high. Now a day the increasing resistance among several organisms is also a matter of concern. We have very few data regarding this issue. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to document the bacterial causes of infections and describe their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in cancer patients. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive observational study, conducted in Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the period from January 2018 to December 2019. In total 19 cancer patients with bacterial infection were selected as study population. All cases were diagnosed from blood, urine, skin/soft tissue and respiratory samples i.e. cough swabs of patients. Samples were processed as per standard microbiology laboratory ........................

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Abstract: The incidence of ocular trauma has been on the rise for the past few years, which urges the medical community to be more apt at diagnosing and treating this condition. An effective way to diagnose different etiologies of ocular trauma involves the use of ultrasound to visualize the anatomical layers of the eye and orbit, which is vital for deciding the best management plan. In this review article, the discussion will be about visual injury, the function of ultrasound in diagnosing this condition, and the accuracy of B-mode ultrasound. The gathered data and all information will assistance of physicians become more effective in the managing Ocular trauma.

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Abstract: Introduction: The purposes of this study are to present a state-of-the-art routine protocol for MRI of the ankle, to provide problem-solving tools based on specific clinical indications, and to introduce principles for the implementation of ultrashort echo time MRI of the ankle, including morphologic and quantitative assessment. Materials and methods: This study include 30 patients (23 male and 24 female) with different complains of ankle including pain around the ankle, decreased movement of ankle joint, difficulty in walking, swelling around the ankle, tenderness around the ankle and trauma to the ankle underwent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the ankle joint. Results: In our study included 47 patients with different ankle complain were subjected to MRI of the affected ankle after initial examination and basic investigation including plain radiography. Maximum number of pathologies was detected in the age group of 41 to 60 years in 46.80% of the patients. Most common structure involved were joints, it was involved in 28 patients (59.57%). Traumatic etiology was more common in our study and seen in 18 patients (38.29%) followed by degrative etiology in 11 patients (23.40%). Lateral ligament complex was most frequently injured ligament representing 83.33%. Although it is the strongest tendon in the human body, Achilles tendon was the most commonly injured ankle tendon. Conclusion: Because of exquisite soft-tissue contrast resolution, noninvasive nature, and multiplanar capabilities of MR imaging make it especially valuable for the detection and assessment of a variety of soft-tissue as well as osseous and bone marrow disorders.

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Abstract: Background: Interstitial lung disease is an umbrella term used for a group of diseases that causes scaring, swelling, infection, Inflammation, Fibrosis and difficulty in breathing. HRCT is Gold standard modality to evaluate ILDS in RA patients because there are different appearances shows on CT in lungs that are used to evaluate the severity and extend of disease in lungs. Objective: To emphasize the use of High Resolution Computed Tomography in patients of arthritis having Lung parenchymal diseases. Methodology: An observation study of RA-ILD patients surveyed from May to November 2020.The 60 patients where ruled out with Arthritis in our Clinical Centre out of which 22 patients were taken to investigate that appearances like Ground glass, Honey comb, Enlarged lymph nodes, Bronchiectasis, Pleural effusion in the patients of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Result: In this study 22 patients were taken out of which Arthritis was present in 18 Patient and we evaluated the HRCT findings like Ground glass opacities, Honey comb appearance, lymph nodes, Bronchiectasis, Pleural effusion. Frequencies of different (ILDs) HRCT appearances were obtained. These outcomes recommend a positive relationship between the RA infection action and Lung aggravation in RA-ILD. Conclusion: In conclusion lung parenchymal changes due to Rheumatoid arthritis are more common in male than female. HRCT demonstrated sensitivity in the detection of anomalies, but clinically silent as well as not being diagnosed in simple radiography. It concludes that HRCT images are beneficial in diagnosing interstitial lung disease for rheumatoid arthritis patients.

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Abstract: Background: Low back pain is most common complaint in majority of population. It is important to preclude its serious cause which disturbs quality of life and results in disability. Due to soft tissue detail study Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the emerging modality and used to evaluate intervertebral disk changes and spine pathologies. Objectives: To estimate the association of lower back pain with lumbar spondylosis in determination to the patterns of lumbar disc degeneration on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Methodology: A cross sectional and observational study of 80 patients with low back pain who were prescribed lumbosacral MRI was held. All were evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the underlying cause of low back pain along with various MRI features of lumbar spine degeneration. Result: Majority of the patients had low back pain 87.7%. Different lumbar spondylosis patterns evaluated on MRI were lumbar disk degeneration 80.2%, disc dehydration 51.9% while endplate changes were 28.4%. Other patterns such as anterior osteophytes hypertrophy of ligament flavum, facet joint arthrosis and disc bulges were evaluated. Spondylolisthesis was rare while herniation of disk and disk bulges were frequently seen at lumbar spine level of L4-L5 (50.6%). Conclusion: Lower back pain with progressing age of 45 years and above is common in lumbar spondylosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is modality of choice and has set the benchmark to detect different patterns of lumbar spondylosis including disk degeneration and other disc pathologies.

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Abstract: Congenital aplasia of the major salivary glands is a rare developmental disorder. This rare disorder involves multiple major salivary glands but the cause of this anomaly is not known yet. Unilateral submandibular gland aplasia is even rarer. Patients are usually asymptomatic and rarely present with dysphagia, xerostomia, difficulty in chewing, and dental problems. We report a case of 17-year-old female, who came with complaints of left side cheek swelling since few months and pain while chewing. On CT patient was found to have absence of right submandibular gland with contralateral hypertrophy of left submandibular gland. In our case, there are no significant associated anomalies. Salivary gland aplasia can be diagnosed by various modalities like CT, MRI, sialography, USG, or nuclear medicine.

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Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a persistent, progressive disease that impairs the heart's capacity to pump blood. CHF is the stage in which fluid builds up inside the heart and allows it to move inefficiently. It is also referred to literally as "heart failure." An identification of CHD screening is critical; echocardiography is a non-invasive procedure, and advanced two-dimensional echocardiography techniques provide a systematic means to determine nearly all forms of CHD seen in both adults and infants. Objective: The aim of this research is to classify the most common congenital heart defects in children under the age of two who are referred to echocardiography, as well as to confirm the existence of disease on echocardiography at Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital, Gujrat. Methods: Using Performa, a descriptive-observational analysis was performed at the Department of Cardiology, Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital, and Gujrat from November 2020-Febury2021. Results: Data of 120 children was evaluated. There were 60% males (n=72) and 40% females (n=48). Informed consent was obtained from each patient before inclusion in the study. Echocardiography data was collected on a predesigned Performa. Out of 120 referred children (neonates: 29.9%, less than 1 year: 50.2%, greater than 1 year: 19.9%) 93% were diagnosed as having congenital heart defects. Conclusion: Fallot teratology is the most popular cyanotic defect and VSD acyanotic defect. Early diagnosis of congenital heart abnormalities is important for careful treatment and the prevention of complications. The gold norm for diagnosis is a 2D-echo with Doppler test.

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Introduction: Bone scan is most commonly performed scan in nuclear medicine. There exists a relationship between bone scan and bisphosphonate therapy because after bisphosphonate therapy bone scan is mandatory. Optical scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging are two emerging molecular imaging methods used to test bone physiology. This review focuses on nuclear bone scintigraphy since it is the most well-established method with a large body of research data to back it up in clinical practice. The radionuclides technetium-99m (Tc-99m) and fluoride-18 are commonly used in bone nuclear scintigraphy (F-18). Tc-99m and F-18 are generally correlated with Medtronic destructive (Tc-99m MDP) and fluoride and sodium, respectively (F-18 NaF). The decay of photons from the radioisotope is captured by a nuclear camera holding a salt valuable stone after these particles are inserted intravenously. This is accomplished by the shimmering or fluorescence technique, which occurs when a photon emitted by a radionuclide collides with a salt useful stone within a nuclear camera. Methodology: It was an Observational study of 30 patients conducted at Department of Nuclear Medicine, INMOL Lahore from November 2020-February 2021. Cancer patients of both male and female genders receiving bisphosphonate therapies were included in this study. The age and gender matched patients were included. Objective: The aim of the research was to see how bisphosphonates affected oncology patients' bone scans. The key goal of this research was to see how bisphosphonates therapy affected bone scan. Results and Conclusion: The overall uptake of radiopharmaceutical in bone tends to increase after bisphosphonates therapy. The relationship between the bisphosphonate therapy given to the patients and their bone scan is significant. The study hypothesis is accepted that bisphosphonate. Hence effect of bisphosphonate therapy on skeletal system can be monitored by bone scan.

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Lhermitte-Duclos disease or dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma is a rare entity characterized by a hamartomatous lesion in the posterior fossa. Cowden’s syndrome or hamartoma-neoplasia syndrome is a rare underdiagnosed autosomal dominant genodermatosis with high incidence of malignant tumors. Lhermitte-Duclos disease may be a component of Cowden’s syndrome.

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Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease endemic, and represents a real public health problem in our country. In adult, thoracic hydatidosis represents the second localization where pulmonary localization is largely predominant. Imaging in particular CT has a fundamental role in the positive diagnosis and the search for complications. The aim of our work is to illustrate the radiological aspects of thoracic hydatid cyst, through a retrospective study of 40 cases, collected over a period of 2 years (from January 2017 to December 2018) at Radiology Service of the Mohammed VI University Hospital Center in Marrakech, Morocco.

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Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is a leading cause of health-care problems for women, their families, and society in general with an estimated prevalence of 90% in perimenopausal women. The wider accessibility of ultrasonography allows faster diagnosis of different causes of abnormal uterine bleeding, helping gynaecologists in planning an effective early management for patients. Objective: To find prevalence of different causes of abnormal uterine bleeding using ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in perimenopausal women. Material and method: This study was conducted at government hospital, Sialkot, Pakistan, on 100 peri-menopausal female patients of 40-55 years of age who attended the hospital OPD with the complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding during the period of August 2020 to February 2021. Results: Majority of the peri-menopausal women observed were found in the age group of 40-44 years (50%). Most of the peri-menopausal women were multi-parous with mean parity of 4. Menorrhagia (43%) was the most common patient complaint in peri-menopausal women followed by metrorrhagia in 21% and menometrorrhagia in 13%. On ultrasound, fibroids were the most frequent findings diagnosed in 24% of the sample population, endometrial hyperplasia in 17% and PID in 14%. Conclusion: For abnormal uterine bleeding in peri-menopausal women, ultrasonography should be considered as a primary imaging tool as it has proven to be an excellent, inexpensive, non-invasive and safe imaging modality to rule out any structural abnormality.

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Background: Brain Atrophy refers to the continuous loss of brain cells with the time and loss of connections between these neurons of brain tissues. Brain atrophy can be considered as the ultimate organ effect of cardiovascular risk factors. Advanced brain atrophy is described following hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of brain atrophy and risk factors in stroke patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 patients having ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke between the periods of March 2020 to February 2021. The data was collected from the emergency department of Tertiary care Government hospital. The patients included were 68 males & 82 females examined on Computed Tomography. Changes of Evans Index were taken as a marker of brain atrophy on Computed Tomography. Results: Out of 150 stroke patients, 79 patients (49=males and 30= females) had brain atrophy with a mean age of 55.51. In Atrophic patients, 49 had hypertension, 30 had diabetes mellitus, 67 had ventriculomegaly, 39 had seizures, 42 had infarction, 66 had cognitive impairment, 18 had Depression, 66 had ischemic, and 13 had a hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion: In conclusion, post-stroke consequences lead to brain atrophy and are also associated with various risk factors. In Ischemic stroke, brain atrophy is more prevalent than in hemorrhagic stroke.

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Background: One of the most common complications of renal obstructive disease is hydronephrosis. It can lead to serious complications, including acute and chronic renal failure, if left untreated. Objective(s): To recognise factors overlooked in mild hydronephrosis. To demonstrate changes in ultrasound among patients with hydronephrosis. To ensure prompt ultrasound diagnosis leading to acute and chronic renal failure. Material and method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The participants in this sample were 56 females and 44 males who went to the ultrasound department. Patients gave their informed consent to be scanned for trans-abdominal ultrasound. A specially crafted data collection sheet was developed to contain the patient's demographic statistics. Renal ultrasound has been the gold standard for kidney imaging. It is possible to picture and evaluate renal pelvic-calyceal system. A real-time machine with a 3.5 MHz, TA, convex transducer was used to conduct the ultrasound test. The renal pelvis and calyces were seen during longitudinal and transverse sections through the kidneys. When the renal pelvis and calyces dilate, it is easy to diagnose hydronephrosis. Statistical analysis was done for windows using version 22 of the standard social sciences statistical package (SPSS). Results: Hydronephrosis was categorised into mild, moderate, medium, and serious hydronephrosis based on its sonographic appearance. Mild hydronephrosis is the most common (56%), followed by moderate (25%), serious (13%), and extreme (6%). Ureteric stone, kidney stone, pregnancy, and benign prostatic hypertrophy were among the causes of hydronephrosis. Conclusion: The sensitivity of ultrasound is high to rule out grades of hydronephrosis and determining the root causes. The purpose of study is to have the information about neglected variables in mild state, so that exact causes of its prevalence can be timely sorted.

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Background: Traumatic brain injury and its implications lead to huge public health issues. Annually, TBI affects approximately 50 million individuals all around the world. Head injury is the leading neurological reason for despondency and fatality, particularly influencing the youngsters. 85% to 90% are mild or moderate TBI. Objective: To find prevalence of traumatic brain injuries on computed tomography and that of severity classification from mild to severe grade. Material and Methods: 100 patients with history of head trauma were evaluated in this study, which came to emergency department of Public sector. GCS was taken and all were referred to CT. Noncontrast CT of brain was performed with slice thickness of 3mm from skull base to vertex. And analysis was done using (SPSS) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Results: Of 100 TBI patients, men composed 66% and women 34%. Falls (38%), violence (2%) and other causes (5%) all collectively cause fewer traumas than RTA (55%) specifically in patients of age group 16-26 years. Different traumatic brain injuries were noted including EDH (22%), IPH (23%), SAH (9%), SDH (27%), Contusion (4%) and infarction (15%). Noteworthy, most of the brain injuries were observed as mild TBI in 65% of cases accounting for more than moderate (21%) and severe TBI (14%). Conclusion: The study concludes that 65% of patients who acquired head trauma had mild TBI while remaining 21% and 14% consumed moderate and severe TBI respectively. Subdural and intraparenchymal hemorrhages are most frequent type of diagnosis in TBI.