ABSTRACT
Ossifying fibromas are true neoplasms that involve maxillofacial and craniofacial regions. The posterior mandibular region is the most common site for occurrence in maxillomandibular region. These lesions are asymptomatic, well defined radiologically, and show characteristic features histologically. The treatment plan includes enucleation of smaller lesions and resection and reconstruction of larger lesions. We report a case of large ossifying fibroma of mandible in a 13-year-old female child that was resected and reconstructed with vascularised fibula flap.

ABSTRACT
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract are common findings on fetal ultrasound. To review the antenatal sonographic findings and postnatal follow-up of fetuses with renal agenesis and normal amniotic fluid volume. Prenatal ultrasonography seems to be highly reliable in diagnosing these anomalies. Prognosis is favorable in the absence of additional extra urinary. Malformations, We report the case of a 30-year-old woman, second gesture, on 31 weeks of pregnant; referred for the management of suspected renal agenesis unilateral ;obstetrical ultrasound showing an empty right renal pelvis, left kidney seen.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The conversion from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy results in a significant change in out-come for the patient because of the higher rate of postoperative complications and the longer hospital stay in addition to the effect and the long-term sequel of the cause of conversion itself as in bile duct injury. Material and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in Department of Surgery, N.C Medical College and Hospital over a period of 1 year patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Full details of patients were recorded in the proforma. Out of 240 laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed during this duration 16 needed conversions. Result: Adhesions (85.7% versus 31.2%, P<0.001), bleeding (28.5% versus 8.7%, P<0.01), and stone spillage (28.5% versus 7.9%, p=0.04) were significantly more frequent in the conversion group. However, unclear anatomy, thick gall bladder wall, and bile spillage had no significant relationship with conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Conclusion: We found that a thickened gallbladder wall and a contracted gallbladder on ultrasound, male gender, age above 40, and acute cholecystitis were risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery.