ABSTRACT
The long history of the dispute among physicists as to whether matter is composed of particles or waves is reviewed. A turning point came at the dawn of the 20th century in the form of the de Broglie momentum-wavelength and Bohr/Planck energy frequency relations. It was on this basis that Schrödinger developed a quantum mechanical differential equation whose solution came to be known as a wave function. The Born Interpretation of these functions holds that their absolute square constitutes a probability distribution which has been used successfully to make predictions of the properties of the system under discussion. It is pointed out that the phenomenon of light refraction played a key role in the development of both Newton’s corpuscular theory of light and the competing theory of Huygens which looks upon light as consisting exclusively of waves. It is shown that Newton’s failure to predict the decrease in the speed of light as it passes from air into water was not because of his belief in the particle composition of light, but rather because he not did anticipate that the mass of a photon changes upon entering a medium of higher index of refraction n. By assuming that the energy E of light is equal pc/n, where p is the momentum of the photons and c is the speed of light in free space, it is shown that the experimental dependence of the speed the light on its wavelength as it passes through a transparent medium is derived successfully through the use of Hamilton’s Canonical Equations and Newton’s Second Law of Kinetics. It is suggested that the relationship between particles and waves can be understood by noting that the localized properties of matter exhibit themselves in experiments such as the photoelectric effect where attention can be concentrated on the behavior of a single particle. The corresponding wave properties occur when large numbers of particles are observed under exactly similar circumstances, as for example in electron diffraction. ...........

ABSTRACT
E-learning has become a reality which it is impossible to ignore now, especially in this break out of worldwide pandemic. The need to know about its concerns, related concepts, types, algorithms, skills, tools, implementation, deployment and evaluation have motivated many researchers. it also seems reasonable to expect that researchers will rate the computer as the greatest invention in human history in terms of facilitating global communication. E-learning assessment is process of assessing teaching and learning activities in the e-learning system. This paper hovers around the review of literatures on e – learning assessment with clustering method. Assessment is one of the integral parts of the educational system all over the world and it plays a vital role in students’ learning progress. This is achieved through different means of assessments which will be added together to achieve effective results in student learning progress. However, it has been observed that students who have undergone e-learning programme just read for grade at the end of the semester thereby lacking learning progress monitoring during the course of study. Most under-graduate and post-graduate modules are fully online but only few numbers of continuous assessment tests (cats) are delivered online. E-learning assessment is a means of assessing students’ learning outcomes in e-learning system and most existing systems are based on summative assessment which assess students only at the end of the semester but this assessment system uses clustering method of data mining and formative assessment mechanism, this will significantly improve students’ learning experiences and achievements. This constructive criticism and insight can be used to create an action plan that moves forward the ability to modify learning behaviors and achieve their learning goals.

ABSTRACT
The history of attempts to reconcile the amount of neutrino flux arriving at the earth’s surface from the sun with the profile of fusion reactions occurring on the sun is recounted. Less than half the expected number of neutrinos is actually found, which has raised questions about the reliability of the method of detection used. It is pointed out that there is a key theoretical assumption which may be incorrect, however, namely that every fusion reaction necessarily leads to the emission of a single neutrino. While this assumption is amply verified for reactions taking place under normal laboratory conditions, arguments are presented that indicate that the situation could be significantly different at the high temperatures occurring in stellar atmospheres.

ABSTRACT
A key characteristic of Newton’s First Law of Motion is that it satisfies the Law of Causality. It is pointed out that the same arguments that are the basis for the conclusion that the speed and direction of an object will not change in the absence of some unbalanced external force can be equally well applied to all other physical properties. For example, it must be expected that a clock in motion will maintain the same constant rate indefinitely under these conditions. It is thus clear that two such (inertial) clocks must have a constant ratio Q, which means that the time difference of any two events measured with these clocks must satisfy an analogous proportionality relation, i.e. Δt’ = Δt/Q. The space-time mixing characteristic exhibited by the Lorentz transformation (LT) stands in contradiction to this proportionality, therefore demonstrating that the LT violates the Law of Causality. The experiments carried out with circumnavigating atomic clocks demonstrate that the same proportionality relationship for elapsed times is satisfied quite generally and is used to good effect in the operation of the Global Positioning System. A consequence of the elapsed-time proportionality is the absolute simultaneity of events occurring anywhere in the universe. Analogous proportional relationships, referred to as uniform scaling, exist for all physical properties. Hence, there exists a Corollary to the Law of Inertia for properties that is applicable on a completely general basis.

ABSTRACT
Medical species (Senecio L.) not only is key multilevel functional medicinal material of indications of respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, enteritis, dysentery, but also it is a widely distributed wide plant species. This plant species is widely distributed elevation from 500m to 1500m in forest landscapes and vegetation ecosystems in Shan County of China. However, understanding leaves dry biomass of this species is difficult along elevation. This work explained that the relation between leaves dry biomass of this species and elevation is a significant positive connection from 500m to 1000m (P<0.01) as well as the links between leaves dry biomass of this species and elevation is a significant negative connection from 1000m to 1500m (P<0.01). This study provides six ecosystem types and a series of areas ecological adaptation for finding new medicinal species. Therefore, this study has vital theoretical and practical significance for medicinal plant protection along different elevation and environmental gradient.

ABSTRACT
Adding of Locally prepared nano-silica [1] to concrete improves the mechanical properties and microstructure of SF concrete [2]. Nano-silica was added with different percentages to the SF concrete to study their effect on the durability properties. Seven mixes were prepared with constant cement content of 400 kg/m3 and additional percentage of silica fume 15% of cement content. Nano-silica and nano ferrite was used at 1-3% and 1-2% of the cement content, respectively. The water permeability, the resistance of the MgCl2 on concrete and the resistance of the electro-chemical of accelerate corrosion. It was found that all the mechanical properties, especially compressive strength of silica fume blended mixes was improved using either nano-silica or nano-ferrite as additional percentages. Also, these properties were improved with increasing the nano-silica or nano-ferrite percentages. The results showed that adding 2% nano-silica was considered the most economical percentage with high properties.

ABSTRACT
Natural gas is considered one of the most important sources of energy currently available in the world, and Some difficulties face the process of transporting gas through pipelines, including terrain and stages that occur during the transportation process, and this study was based on simulating the transfer of the produced gas from three wells that were linked Together with a steel pipe network of different lengths and diameters from 3 to 6 inches and a total length of about 3274 meters connected to the main transportation pipeline with a diameter of 6 inches and by observing the change in heat loss caused by the piping network. It was shown a decrease in the amount of heat lost from the pipes as a result of wrapping these pipes with a layer of Asphalt with a thickness of one millimeter to avoid the occurrence of corrosion of the outer surface and to prevent the formation of hydrates, and with the continued flow of gas in the steady-state through the network. It was shown through the results obtained from the PIPSYS program. The flow pattern was an annular mist of all pipes. The final pressure of the last production line was also calculated after adjusting the operating pressure of well A with the pressure of the last production line until it reached the desired values of 6895 kpa, 34.61°C and a flow rate of 1300 kg mol per hour, as well as a decrease in the maximum head pressure drop this part, was -9.6 kpa And, by making some adjustments to the fluid package, i.e. by testing three models of state equations in the gas phase and all results were close, as well as calculating the phase diagram of pressure, temperature, and the ability to form hydrates in the outlet conditions of the last part of the network.