ABSTRACT
Makala hii inahusu mbinu zilizotumika kuunda motifu za safari na msako katika mashairi ya Kiswahili katika diwani ya Sauti ya Dhiki (1973) ya Abdilatif Abdalla. Makala hii inalenga kuiziba pengo la kiutafiti juu ya mbinu zinazounda motifu, kwani hakuna tafiti zilizofanyika kubainisha mbinu zinazounda motifu za safari na msako katika Ushairi. Katika uga wa fasihi baadhi ya wataalamu wamechambua mbinu mbalimbali za kisanaa zinazounda kazi za fasihi kwa ujumla, na wale walioangalia muundo wa motifu katika kazi za fasihi walibaini hisia ndio kichocheo kikuu kinachosababisha ujirudiajirudiaji wa kimotifu, hivyo basi hisia huunda motifu. Ushairi wa kimaelezo ni miongoni mwa kazi za fasihi zilizo na motifu za safari na msako na zinaundwa kwa miundo bayana. Licha ya tafiti mbalimbali kubaini kwamba motifu hizo zinajitokeza zaidi katika ushairi simulizi na ule wa kidrama. Ombwe la tafiti juu ya mbinu zinazotumika kuunda motifu za safari na msako limekuwa bayana hususani katika mashairi ya kimaelezo. Hali hii ikiachwa bila kuchunguzwa inasababisha kukosekana kwa maarifa kuhusu mbinu zinazotumika kuunda motifu hususani motifu za safari na msako katika mashairi ya kimaelezo. Mashairi ya kimaelezo yaliyorejelewa ni yale yanayopatikana katika diwani ya Sauti ya Dhiki (1973) ya Abdilatif Abdalla. Data za Makala hii zilikusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu ya usomaji makini wa matini teule wa mashairi ya kimaelezo katika diwani teule. Nadharia za Mwingilianomatini na Ruwaza ya Shujaa ndizo zilizoongoza ukusanyaji na uchambuzi wa data za Makala hii kupitia misingi yake mbalimbali kama itakavyofafanuliwa katika Makala. Matokeo ya utafiti yanaonesha kuwa kuna mbinu tano zilizobainika kuunda motifu za safari na msako katika mashairi ya kimaelezo katika diwani teule. Mbinu hizo ni mbinu ya ruwaza, mbinu ya diolojia, mbinu ya shajara, mbinu ya kisitiari na mbinu ya sauti ya usimulizi.

ABSTRACT
Objective: This article aims to analyze the relevance of clan strategies in the fight against Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the Western region of Cameroon. Introduction: The abrupt cessation of mass distribution of Ivermectin for onchocerciasis control, due to the suspension of international funding in Cameroon, risks prolonging or undoing efforts made since the 2000s to eliminate onchocerciasis as a public health issue. To mitigate this, a strategy referred to as the "clan strategy" has been implemented. This strategy aims to empower families to manage their health issues, which have severe consequences on vision and skin. Methodology: This article is based on a descriptive and analytical study with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative), conducted from June to August 2025 in the health districts of Foumbot, Bamendjou, and Bangourain in the Western Region of Cameroon. Data collection for the analysis of performance indicators of the program was carried out using an Excel spreadsheet for the quantitative aspect, and semi-structured interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) for the qualitative part. The study was conducted in communities where this strategy has been implemented, involving District Health Chiefs, Health Area Chiefs, clan distributors, and 81 clan members (clan leaders, community representatives), as well as household heads in the communities. The aim was to assess their knowledge, participation, and perceptions regarding NTD-related activities. Results: Motivational challenges faced by distributors, treatment delays, absenteeism, and refusals were reduced due to the strong community ownership of the onchocerciasis control efforts, particularly in rural areas. The post-distribution coverage survey shows that 85% of the areas were adequately covered. The implementation of the clan strategy in the mass distribution of Ivermectin for onchocerciasis control serves as a viable alternative to the cessation of international funding for NT

ABSTRACT
The “human inner experience’ while inherently private and challenging to observe scientifically, is a central and fundamental feature of the human condition, essential for understanding well-being, identity, and consciousness.” The core characteristics of the inner experience is that it is private and subjective. Inner experiences are soon passing out of memory and people are often inaccurate in their retrospective descriptions of their inner experiences. Psychology is incomplete without exploring the mind’s inner works. In processes such as inner speech and verbal cues are used to sustain focused attention on tasks and impact on behavior and cognitive performance. The difficulty human inner experience presents is that, there is a gap between how people make choices based on description of outcome versus those based on direct, personal experience, a limitation in how humans process and translate information into genuine inner understanding. The philosophy inherent limitations of the subjectivity, embodiment, and the explanatory divide between physical processes and qualitative feelings. The mind-body problem where there is a gap in truly knowing what another person’s experience of something is like. The author of “the human inner experience” discusses the private, subjective, and dynamic aspects of consciousness, including thoughts, emotions, mental imagery, and sensations. The study touches upon the theoretical complexities, methodological challenges, and interdisciplinary approaches required to study it scientifically. Investigating this private domain presents profound challenges, as traditional introspective reports can be distorted by observation, interpretation, and memory biases. The method of approach used in the investigation of “the human inner experience” involves responding to questions such as these: Why am I this way? Feeling of inner emptiness; Attachment and detachment; How to see fear; why do we suffer; Viewing death; and Spiritual and psychoanalyt

ABSTRACT
Madrasah principals have the principle of managing their madrasahs based on and using methods taught by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The research findings support opinion on prophetic leadership, and the view that steps to quality improvement include identifying customer needs, developing products with special features, and developing systems. The argues that a quality madrasah is one that possesses high moral values/character, as well as care and attention for students. The conceptualization of prophetic leadership involves strengthening the religious aspects (religiosity) of leadership and morality. On the other hand, prophetic leadership is leadership that reflects the leadership of the Prophet, namely, embracing attitudes that embody the values of Humanization/ (enjoining good deeds) through honesty, communication intelligence, increasing social relations, acting effectively and efficiently, and adopting attitudes that embody the values of Liberation (forbidding evil) through responsibility discipline, and keeping promises. Furthermore, an attitude that embodies the values of Transcendence/Tu'minuna Billah (giving rewards promptly and promptly) and a positive attitude and positive disposition (khusnudzon).

ABSTRACT
Cybercrime has emerged as a pervasive and escalating challenge in Nigeria's banking industry, driven by the nation's increasing reliance on digital technologies. This study addressed critical gaps in understanding how cybercrimes impact bank performance, while also exploring the moderating roles of financial technology literacy interventions. The specific objective of this study is aimed to investigate the roles of financial technology (fin-tech) literacy interventions. The situational crime control theory was adopted. A descriptive survey research design was utilized, and the study's target population included bank employees and customers in Cross River State. The Godden formula for determining sample size in an infinite population was used in deriving a sample size of 384 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaire administered via personal contact, online methods (Google docs), and research assistants. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 29. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and Generalized Linear Model Multivariate Regression Analysis were employed to test the study hypotheses. The study revealed that financial technology literacy interventions, demonstrated a moderating effect reducing the negative impact of cybercrime on bank performance. Based on these findings, several recommendations were proposed. Financial institutions should prioritize cyber security measures and invest in financial technology literacy programmes for both employees and customers. Additionally, fostering collaborations with fin-tech companies can provide access to cutting-edge cyber security technologies and expertise.

ABSTRACT
Infertility poses a profound public health and social challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, disproportionately impacting women who bear the social stigma, marital instability, and economic marginalization associated with childlessness. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF), hold transformative promise to restore reproductive autonomy and fulfill the fundamental human right to parenthood. Yet, despite this potential, access to IVF services remains alarmingly limited and inequitable across the region. This disparity is driven by intersecting structural impediments including steep economic costs, weak or uneven legal and policy frameworks, entrenched sociocultural stigma, and under resourced healthcare systems. This article undertakes a rigorous comparative and doctrinal legal analysis grounded in international and regional human rights instruments such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol). It explores how these normative frameworks interact with national laws, policies, and institutional capacities in four strategically selected countries: South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, and Cameroon. South Africa exemplifies a more progressive and comprehensive ART governance model characterized by constitutional protections for reproductive autonomy, judicial reinforcement of non-discriminatory access, and formal legislative instruments regulating clinic operations and parentage rights. Kenya and Nigeria showcase evolving but fragmented regulatory landscapes challenged by regulatory inertia, limited statutory authority, and heavy reliance on private sector fertility services. Cameroon reflects earlier-stage ART governance constrained by healthcare resource shortages and potent cultural norms shaping reproductive health priorities. Beyond legal frameworks,

ABSTRACT
Regional integration is widely acknowledged as a strategic pathway for Africa’s socio-economic transformation, yet its progress has been hindered by weak institutional capacities, overlapping memberships, and limited citizen engagement. This article critically examines the role of inclusive governance as a catalyst for strengthening Africa’s regional integration agenda, drawing comparative insights from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The study argues that inclusive governance anchored in transparency, participation, and responsiveness offers a transformative approach that addresses persistent governance deficits within African Regional Economic Communities (RECs), particularly ECOWAS and SADC. ASEAN’s “consultative and consensus” model, despite its limitations, has demonstrated how dialogue, inclusivity, and flexible institutional arrangements can sustain cooperation among diverse states. Its emphasis on multi-stakeholder consultations, consensus-based decision-making, and adaptive network governance underscores the importance of building legitimacy and trust across member states. By contrast, African RECs often face top-down, elite-driven processes that marginalize citizens, hinder accountability, and slow down implementation of integration commitments. The analysis reveals that embedding inclusivity within Africa’s integration frameworks can significantly enhance legitimacy and collective ownership, thereby improving compliance, resource mobilization, and policy effectiveness. Practical measures such as strengthening institutional coordination, leveraging digital governance tools, and creating participatory platforms for youth, women, and marginalized groups are essential. Moreover, alignment of governance reforms with the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) ensures sustainability and coherence with continental priorities.