ABSTRACT
Female genital mutilation is harmful to girls and women in many ways. First and foremost, it is painful and traumatic, and the removal of normal, healthy genital tissue interferes with the body's natural functioning. They have a variety of immediate and long-term health consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of female genital mutilation users (women) in the obstetrics and gynaecology department of the commune I reference health centre in the Bamako district. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, prospective, descriptive study designed to investigate users' (women's) knowledge of and attitudes towards female genital mutilation. It took place from 1 November 2019 to 30 April 2020, a period of 6 months, in the gynaecology and obstetrics department of the reference health centre in Commune I of the Bamako district. We included all women admitted to the department for gynaecological or obstetric consultation after informed consent had been obtained. Result: Out of a total of 188 female users, 176 of them were excised, a frequency of 93.6%. Female users reported having been excised as children in 93.9% of cases. Most users (59.6%) want to excise their daughters for traditional and religious reasons. Female genital mutilation (FGM), although practised by traditional excisers, is still being medicalised. The reason for FGM was unknown to 25.0% of the women surveyed. In 44.8% of cases, the users (women) had suffered a perineal tear during childbirth.

ABSTRACT
Nationalism has always been a topic of interest in the field of cultural and historical studies. In this study, through the use of document analysis, approaching from a cultural perspective, we will explore the vital aspects of this ideology through the case of a famous cultural figure in Vietnam in the early 20th century, Huynh Thuc Khang (1876 - 1947). We focused on surveying a number of articles published in the newspaper Tieng Dan (1927 - 1943) to identify three main aspects of Huynh Thuc Khang's nationalism ideology: national pride; acknowledgement of national sovereignty and self-reliance.

ABSTRACT
Professional reconversion, also known as "professional reorientation", has two distinct forms: involuntary professional reconversion and voluntary professional reconversion, and can occur for a variety of reasons. The aim of this study is to analyse the social factors that hinder the professional retraining of senior citizens in the Port-Bouet commune. The approach is qualitative. The sampling method is non-probabilistic and based on a sample of convenience, which made it possible to collect data from 30 respondents. Computer processing was the main technique used. Firstly, the recorded interviews were transcribed using Sony Digital voice recorder software, then coded using Dedoose software, which made it possible to highlight the different trends in each unit of analysis. The results show that, in terms of the social representation of professional retraining, for these former civil servants it is perceived as another source of income in addition to their retirement pension. It is also an excellent way of combating sedentary lifestyles. As for the factors limiting the professional conversion of these senior citizens, they are economic, political, health, social and legal. The beneficial effects of retraining on their quality of life, according to the respondents, were psychological, physical, economic, material and social.

ABSTRACT
The thrust of this paper is a theological understanding of conversion which comes from text-driven biblical preaching and its missiological imperative for Christian missions in Africa. The study adopted a descriptive approach to discuss conversion as it relates to missions from Lukan perspective in two passages; Luke 13:7-14 and Acts 2:14-38 noting that conversion and fulfillment of the Great Commission is central and critical to these texts. Inferences drawn from brief expositions of the two texts revealed that conversion is the need of everyone and authentic proclamation of the Gospel is important for true conversion to take place. It is also inferred that true conversion coming from repentance and having faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour should reflect in a new way of life or transformation evident in simplicity and care for others. The study submitted that it is imperative for contemporary church in Africa to understand conversion as necessary to rid the nations of different menace including corruption, ungodly leadership and poverty. It is also imperative for the church in Africa to proclaim the gospel capable of resulting into conversion and transformation by engaging in expository text-driven biblical preaching, lifestyle evangelism, and demonstrating the power of God through signs and wonders. The delivery of the word of God must be accompanied with effective exposition of the biblical text through preaching to stir the heart of the hearer to true conversion.

ABSTRACT
Environmental problem is a moral issue which is threatening the existence of human on earth at this contemporary time. Human is to promote peaceful co-existence of all that is consisting in the environment. Ironically, it is the activities of humans that generate environmental crises. Investigations into the current situation of the physical portion of the earth or the environment indicate that globally, alarming news of environmental problems that destroy lives and properties abound. Obviously, the Bible reveals that God’s intention for his creations include that they might dwell in the beautiful and good environment where God has placed them while human is in turn responsible for the care of the environment so the latter could sustain the other living creations and itself remained sustained. Various intervention groups including religious and indigenous depict that the church cannot keep mute on the issue of environmental sustainability. God’s representative on earth, the Church should be not only care giver to the environment but also advocate of the gospel of environmental sustainability. The environment should be kept clean for healthy living of residents to continue so God would be happy with the habitants, remain as their God by dwelling in their midst and for the habitants to continue to dwell in safety and be God’s people.

ABSTRACT
This article analyses the link between the social imaginaries of professional integration and the employment situation of young people in the District of Abidjan. Thus, the interviews analysed in the light of the theory of the strategic actor revealed that the social imaginaries of the professional integration of young people consist of a salaried relationship. In this logic, the latter invite themselves into the political market by offering their militancy in exchange for paid work. But thy disillusionment as a result of political marketing at work and poorly kept promises; what helps to keep them unemployed. This production invites reflection on the preliminary actions to be taken for young people before any investment oriented towards entrepreneurship. Similarly, it questions the interest of the involvement of young people in the democratic game.

ABSTRACT
‘Intersex’ is an umbrella for persons born with variations of sex characteristics which may not correspond with societal and medical expected ‘male’ or ‘female’ bodies. Persons with intersex variations, therefore, are born with physical or biological characteristics that do not fit the typical definition for ‘male’ or ‘female’. In this paper I establish that there is no vivacious evidence that the Tanzania Government has taken stern measures to end discrimination against persons born with intersex variations in the country, and to ensure the right of bodily integrity, physical autonomy and self-determination as per demands and calls by The UN Human Rights Declarations and Resolutions, The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 1993, The Malta Declaration, 2013, the World Intersex Fora (that took place between 2011 and 2017), The Public Statement by the African Intersex Movement, 2017, and The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 2023. Incontestably, awareness of intersex conditions and persons born with intersex variations’ human and citizenship rights is increasing among this population group, researchers, parents/guardians, activists and in the media in this country. Increase of awareness is likely to come with increasing revolt, which may provide the impetus for legal reform. The Tanzania government, therefore, ought not to wait for this ignominy to surface — rather should act now to end cosmetic and harmful surgeries and protect vulnerable infants and children born with intersex variations in this country.