ABSTRACT
Surveillance of animal rabies is severely constrained in resource poor developing countries. The traditional reference method of brain testing has several limitations. Hence there is need for alternative method which is rapid, simple, sensitive and specific on a less invasive sample to scale up rabies surveillance. The present study evaluated the efficacy of Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) on skin specimen for post mortem screening of rabies in dogs. Skin sample and brain tissue of 56 dogs including two wild dogs which came for routine rabies surveillance were collected at necropsy. LFA on skin, LFA on brain and Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) on brain were conducted. The diagnostic efficacy of LFA on skin was compared against FAT on brain, the reference method for rabies diagnosis. Correlation between LFA on skin and LFA on brain was also evaluated. The study found that LFA on skin has equal efficiency as that of LFA on brain for post mortem detection of rabies in dogs. It revealed a sensitivity of 96.6% and specificity of 100% against the traditional reference method of brain testing by FAT. Based on the results, LFA on skin looks promising as a practical field tool to improve reporting and strengthen surveillance. The findings warrant further evaluation on a large sample set under different field conditions.

ABSTRACT
Hermaphroditism is a sexual anomaly that causes the animal to have sexual functions of both sexes (male and female). The present work aims to review hermaphroditism in cattle, showing the concept, causes, diagnosis, and possible treatments. Animals with this anomaly may show reproductive failure, sexual behavior for both sexes, and absence of estrus. It is divided into three forms: Freemartinism, True Hermaphroditism, and Pseudo-Hermaphroditism, with the most common form in cattle being true freemartinism. Finally, anomalies of sexual differentiation are diagnosed through palpation, vaginoscopy, ultrasound and genetic tests, sometimes being visually verifiable. In cases of hermaphroditism, the animal that is born with this anomaly can be surgically corrected.

ABSTRACT
Ethiopian farmers perform breeding by putting different objectives to satisfy the need and to fulfill trait such as body size, body conformation, mothering ability, lambing interval, age at puberty and fertility. Farmers put different selection criteria for both sexs. For example, selection criteria for are rams body size, coat color and tail type and for ewes body size, coat colour and mothering ability are best for selection criteria. There are different sheep breed in Ethiopia and their geographical distribution insured throughout the countries. Breeding practices confirmed by natural mating method and sheep are served randomly by any intact male in the flock. For effective utilization of existing sheep resource the production system determine its effectiveness according to its geographical distribution production and there are different production systems such as sheep-barley or sheep production system, mixed crop-livestock system and Pastoral production system. Ethiopia has large livestock population in Africa but the uses of the resource not proportional and the reason for this linked with different constraint. As we know the major constraints to sheep Production in Ethiopia are disease, feed shortage, market, water, and lack of trained personnel and absence of recording. So due this the current objective of the paper is to review breeding objectives and trait preferences of farmers for sheep in Ethiopia. To use existing sheep resources the farmer should use appropriate breeding strategies and this can used for many trait.

ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to carry out a mini review on equine sarcoid, addressing its clinical and pathological aspects and its diagnosis characteristics. The sarcoid is a benign, locally invasive tumor of the skin of horses that has a variable epidermal component. It is a biphasic neoplasm as it is derived from the proliferation of two components: dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. It affects animals of all ages; however, it is more common in animals under 6 years old, having no racial or sexual predisposition. Sarcoids can develop anywhere on the body, but are most seen on the face, neck, axilla, ventral abdomen, paragenital region and distal extremity, around the eyelids and lips, foreskin, ear, as well as areas of previous injury or scarring. The diagnosis is based on the clinical history, epidemiology, macroscopic and histological characteristics of the lesions. Histologically, the sarcoid is characterized by a dense dermal proliferation of fibroblasts, forming nests and intertwined bundles and assuming various directions. Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy and phytotherapy can be used to treat this disease.

ABSTRACT
The economic impact of the EU expansion on individual member states belong to imperative justifications of the EU enlargement. These contributions reward the union membership becoming the partial sovereignty loss trade-off. FDI inflow is considered one of such key benefits for new members. While the FDI impacts on economies have been studied from many angles, factors that cause the attraction of FDI are to be analysed as they are an important influence in future investment decisions making part of the enlargement justification, justifying the sovereignty loss trade-off. Future FDI inflows may be signalled by variables such as Real Effective Exchange Rate, being a proxy for trade competitiveness, expected to differ in economies prior to and after the entry to EU. The analysis of the relationship between the Real Effective Exchange Rate and the FDI inflow is performed on selected Eastern European countries before and after the accession, with the conclusion that convincing arguments for the FDI inflow indications, at least when measuring them through the lens of Real Effective Exchange Rate and GDP, may not be present.

ABSTRACT
A coprological survey of strongylosis in donkeys was conducted in the five wards of Pali district of Alkaleri Local Government area of Bauchi State. The sampling period covers the months of July to October 2020. A total of 107 donkeys were sampled and fecal samples were collected and analysed using standard technique. The ages, sex and breeds of donkeys were determined using standard procedures. Out of the 107 donkeys sampled 96 (89.7%) tested positive for strongylosis. However, it appeared that age sex and breed of donkeys did not significantly influence the disposition of infection with the parasite (p>0.05). Majority of the donkeys examined (51.04%) were moderately infected with the Strongylus parasite. This study revealed a considerably higher infection rates with Strongylus spp and majority of the infected animals harbours the infection moderately. Therefore, strategic deworming and improve management practices is strongly advocated for better productivity and utilization of these animals. Further studies into the epidemiology of this nematode parasite should be undertaken in the study area in order to get better understanding of risk factors supporting its distribution.

ABSTRACT
Multifactorial respiratory problems are very common in poultry due to intensive rearing methods and caused by coinfection with bacteria (MG, MS, E. coli and Avibacterium spp.) and viruses, such as IBV and ILTV. The conventional procedures are tedious and time taking, to overcome the difficulties in diagnosis of mixed respiratory pathogens, this study was undertaken with the following objective simultaneous detection of MG, MS, IBV and ILTV by Multiplex SYBR Green Real Time PCR. The SYBR Green Real time PCR assay was standardized for simultaneous detection of respiratory pathogens in poultry by targeting IGSR gene for MG, vlhA gene for MS, N gene for IBV and ICP4 gene for ILTV in single tube. The optimized conditions for all genes was initial denaturation at 94oC for 3.59 mins, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94oC for 20 seconds, annealing at 55oC for 45 seconds and extension at 72oC for 1 min and final extension step was at 72oC for 10 mins. The amplifications of all four genes was observed and recorded the ct values of 30.28 (IGSR gene), 24.16 (vlhA gene), 19.39 (ICP4 gene) and 11.81 (N gene) and also the recorded Tms were 74.0 (IGSR gene), 82.5 (vlhA gene), 85.5 (ICP4 gene) and 80.5 (N gene). The samples with below 35 recorded threshold cycles value were considered as positive. Out of 19 farms screened, 2 were positive for ILT, 10 for MG,7 for MS and 5 for MG and MS and all were negative for IB. In sreened samples, the recorded ct values for IGSR genes ranged between 11.81 to 30.28, product Tms ranged between 74 to 87, for vlhA gene ct values ranged between 17.39 to25.81, product Tms ranged between 81 to 87, for ICP4 gene ct value was 19.08 and 19.23,product Tms was 81 and 80.5.