ABSTRACT
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a significant viral infection of poultry caused by IBD virus (IBDV), resulting in severe economic losses. In this study, we reviewed gross lesions associated with IBD diagnosed at the Avian Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, from January 2013 to December 2023. Data were collected from the record book of the Avian Clinic, entered into Microsoft Excel sheet, cleaned and exported to Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) for analyses. Outcomes revealed that IBD constituted 13.0% of the 1,922 cases recorded, with the highest cases in 2023 (33.9%) and 2022 (33.8%), and the lowest in 2013 (5.8%). Gross lesions were mostly (88.4%) observed in the bursa of Fabricius, and these included enlargement (65.1%), turgidity (60.6%), oedema (17.3%), and haemorrhages (33.7%). Other affected organs included the pectoral/thigh muscles (73.9%) with congestion and haemorrhages (47.8% each), and liver (65.5%) with congestion (28.5%) and pallor (27.3%). There were haemorrhages in the proventriculus (53.8%), ventriculus (8.4%), proventriculus-ventriculus junction (10.0%), duodenum (50.6%), jejunum (16.5%), ileum (11.2%), and caecum (9.2%) and trachea (27.3%), and lung congestion (35.7%). The air sacs were cloudy (21.7%) and showed air sacculitis (4.0%). The kidneys were congested (15.7%) and pale (18.9%), with urates (2.0%); the gallbladder was distended with bile (16.1%) and congested (2.4%). This study emphasises the multi-organ involvement in IBD, thus, the need to strengthen control measures. The findings contribute valuable information on IBD pathology and can assist veterinarians and poultry farmers in improving disease management and prevention.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: As infectious bursal disease (IBD), a viral disease, has no specific antiviral treatment, the use of herbal remedies with immunomodulatory and antiviral properties presents a valuable complementary approach to enhance host defenses and reduce disease severity. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates due to Nigella sativa seed powder (NSSP) pre-administration in cockerels challenged with a very virulent IBD virus (vvIBDV). One hundred, one-day-old Dominant black marshal cockerel (DBMC) chicks were randomly divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) of 20 birds as follows: A and B were administered feed only from 1 to 42 days of age (doa); C and D administered the NSSP+feed from 21 to 27 doa; E was administered the NSSP+feed from 1 to 42 doa. All the chicks were vaccinated against ND at 7 and 17 days of age. At 28 doa, groups B, D and E were challenged with a vvIBDV orally. The chickens were monitored daily for clinical signs, and morbidity and mortality rates were calculated. Results revealed mild overall clinical sign in groups D (13.0%) and E (9.6%), and severe signs in group B (22.6%). There were lower morbidity and mortality rates in groups D (70.0%; 30.0%) and E (60.0%; 10.0%) than in group B (80.0%; 55.0%). In conclusion, pre-administration with NSSP decreased clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates in the vvIBDV-challenged cockerels. Hence, there is need for assessment of the effects of NSSP on other parameters in vvIBDV-challenged birds.

ABSTRACT
The field experiment was conducted in the poultry field of domestic birds affiliated with the Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture/University of Tikrit for the period from 11/28/2022 to 1/5/2023 with the aim of identifying the effect of the use of five different types of vegetable oils on the chemical properties of meat and the sensory evaluation of the rogue meat Ross 308 ، In the experiment, 150 unnaturalized traps of the Ross strain (308) were used at one day's age and at a weight rate of (39.12) g. The chicks were distributed to five transactions by six duplicates per transaction and the chicks were distributed by 5 chicks for each repeater and used in the first transaction sunflower oil, the second treatment flax oil, the third Olive oil ، The fourth treatment is cannula oil and the fifth treatment is corn oil. Feed was provided in the form of shovel, lighting and water (according to the Ross 308 Education Manual). Thigh meat samples were taken and tests were performed. The results were as follows: Significantly (P < 0.05) the second, third and fourth treatments were superior to the second and fifth treatments in the concentration of cholesterol, malonaldehyde and peroxide value. As for the percentages of fatty acids in the thigh, we note that the second and third treatments were superior to the first and fifth treatments, and there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in the two consumption characteristics. Feed and feed conversion factor.

ABSTRACT
Various high yielding glutinous corn varieties have been developed and NSIC registered, however, the national and regional yield averages are still very low. A study therefore, was conducted to increase the yield of glutinous corn in Ilocos Norte though modification of planting distance and fertilizer rate. Experimental setups were established for two consecutive dry seasons from 2019-2021 which were laid-out in Split-Plot following the randomized complete block design with three replications using MMSU Glut 1 variety as test plants. Soil pH level of the soil before and after harvest from a depth 0-20 cm and 21-40 cm was increased from 7.26 to 7.52 and 7.33 to 7.60, respectively. MDR plots have higher OM at the 0-20 cm depth by 11.67% to 15.55% as N levels applied increase from 120 to 200 kg N ha-1. At 90 DAE, glutinous corn fertilized with 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 was significantly taller by 4.2% and 10.77%; higher ear height by 9.6% and 21.40%, longer ear length, and wider ear diameter than those applied with 120-60-60 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 and unfertilized corn plants, respectively. Heavier ear weight and larger seed size were attained from treatment combination of PD 75 cm x 20 cm and FR of 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O kg ha-1 and PD – MDR and FR of 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1. Combination of PD (MDR) and FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 obtained the highest shelling percentage of 93.23%. PD and FR significantly affected the agronomic fertilizer use efficiency (AFUE) of glutinous corn. Application of FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 provided glutinous corn an increased in yield of 17.5% (PD 75 cm x 20 cm), 55% (PD 60 cm x 20 cm) and 105% (PD 80:30 cm x 20 cm) over FR 180-80-80 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1, FR 120-60-60 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1, and the unfertilized, respectively. Treatment combination of PD MDR and FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 gave glutinous corn higher yield by 28.10% using the combination of PD 60 cm x 20 cm and FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 and 29.53% using ...

ABSTRACT
Background: Liver fibrosis is a critical health problem that can result in serious illness and death. L-carnitine (LC) is a naturally occurring compound which transports fatty acids through the inner mitochondrial membrane for consequent beta-oxidation. It acts as an antioxidant to lessen cellular oxidative stress. Carnitine is essential for the transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for subsequent β-oxidation. This study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of LC via modulation of Nrf2 signaling and TLR4 targeting pathways in rats with liver fibrosis induced by Thioacetamide (TAA). Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wister rats were assigned into four groups as follows: Group 1 served as a normal non- treated control. Rats in group 2 were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with Thioacetamide (TAA) twice a week at a dose of 200 mg/kg B.wt for 6 weeks to produce liver fibrosis. Two weeks following TAA injections, 50 and 100 mg/kg of LC were administered to the rats in groups 3 and 4, respectively concurrently with TAA injections until end of the experiment (6 weeks). Results: Intraperitoneal injection of LC decreased the levels of liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rats with liver fibrosis induced by TAA. Malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels were significantly decreased in LC treated groups. LC injection increased albumin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione (GSH) levels. Additionally, expression of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) was increased and expression of TLR4 was decreased in LC treated groups according to PCR data. The biochemical findings were supported by histopathological findings. Regarding immunohistopathological examination, the LC treated groups reduced hepatic expression of caspase-3 an

ABSTRACT
In bovines the economic losses mainly due to the outbreak of diseases, leads to mortality, morbidity, treatment cost and reduced production. Recently in August month of 2024, received 13 bovine suppurativeotitis samples from outbreak in KuppamMandal of Chittoor district. The history having the purulent discharges with foul smell from ear infections of cattle that to crossbreed cattle of all age groups are affected. After 5 days of appearing aural discharges the animals were also shown the nervous signs, head tilting and other clinical findings includes unilateral or bilateral ear droop, epiphora, ptosis, abnormal nystagmus, strabismus, regurgitation, stiff neck, opisthotonus, facial hyperesthesia, purulent aural discharge, nasopharyngeal collapse, recumbency and finally death were noticed in severely affected animals. All the samples were processed for cultural tests by inoculating in PPLO selective broth and selective media PPLO agar then incubated anaerobically at 370C and observed the color development in broth pink to yellow color after 3- 5 days of incubation indicative of positive growth and fried egg micro colonies on selective PPLO agar media after 8-14 days of incubation observed under low power and 40X. The DNA was isolated from all the samples and screened for presence of Mycoplasma by targeting 16s rRNA gene and found that out of 13 samples 10 were positive for genus Mycoplasma and produced the predicted 280bp size product in all positive samples. The suppurativeotitis in cattle usually is caused by Actinomyces spp., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, E. coli, Heamophilus, P.multocida, Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp., and Mycoplasma bovis. This study was targeted only the emerging pathogen i.e the cellwall deficient bacteria Mycoplasma because of infections is hampered by a lack of effective vaccines and specific treatments, leads to increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance. Concluded that isolation and identification of the pathogenic ........

ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at Bismillah poultry farm in Peipur Village, Zakigong Upazila, Sylhet district, using 90-day-old chicks of the "Lohman strain" commercial broilers. The objective was to investigate the impact of Aloe vera supplementation on various aspects of broiler performance, including growth, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and physicochemical properties of the meat. Ninety chicks were allocated and randomly assigned to four treatment groups and a control group, with each group replicated three times and consisting of six broilers per replication. Aloe vera gel was incorporated into the diets at four different concentrations: 0.1% in T1, 0.2% in T2, 0.3% in T3, and 0.4% in T4. The control group (T0) was not administered any Aloe vera supplementation. The results of the experiment showed that broilers in the T4 group, which received 0.4% Aloe vera gel in their diets, exhibited a significant increase in feed consumption compared to the other groups (p<0.05). These birds also demonstrated significantly higher body weight gain (p<0.05) than the other groups. Additionally, the T4 group had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) compared to the other groups. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the application of Aloe vera gel enhances broiler production. The Aloe vera-induced treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4) resulted in greater body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. Therefore, it is recommended to use Aloe vera gel to enhance the meat production performance and improve the carcass of the broiler.