ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at Bismillah poultry farm in Peipur Village, Zakigong Upazila, Sylhet district, using 90-day-old chicks of the "Lohman strain" commercial broilers. The objective was to investigate the impact of Aloe vera supplementation on various aspects of broiler performance, including growth, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and physicochemical properties of the meat. Ninety chicks were allocated and randomly assigned to four treatment groups and a control group, with each group replicated three times and consisting of six broilers per replication. Aloe vera gel was incorporated into the diets at four different concentrations: 0.1% in T1, 0.2% in T2, 0.3% in T3, and 0.4% in T4. The control group (T0) was not administered any Aloe vera supplementation. The results of the experiment showed that broilers in the T4 group, which received 0.4% Aloe vera gel in their diets, exhibited a significant increase in feed consumption compared to the other groups (p<0.05). These birds also demonstrated significantly higher body weight gain (p<0.05) than the other groups. Additionally, the T4 group had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) compared to the other groups. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the application of Aloe vera gel enhances broiler production. The Aloe vera-induced treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4) resulted in greater body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. Therefore, it is recommended to use Aloe vera gel to enhance the meat production performance and improve the carcass of the broiler.

ABSTRACT
In vitro embryo production is a process of creating a live animal through a combination of different procedures by oocyte collection from the female donor animal, maturation of oocytes in vitro, fertilization of oocytes in vitro and culturing embryos under a controlled laboratory environment. Production of embryos in vitro plays a role for improvement of cattle reproductive potential along with other technologies such as Ovum pick-up, Embryo transfer, Artificial insemination, gamete sexing, cryo preservation and genetic selection. Major advantages of in vitro production of embryos is that oocytes can be retrieved from slaughtered, juvenile, pregnant and old cattle. This helps to utilize a female cattle reproductive potential fully and produce greater number of embryos in a less amount of time unlike Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer program which takes a long day. Another advantage of production of embryos in vitro is utilization of less semen. It takes only one straw of semen to fertilize more than two hundred oocytes. In vitro Production of embryos can be used to genetically select high potential female and male animal to produce genetically proved animal with a good performance for improving dairy and beef production. In vitro production of embryos will only be successful if factors such as breed of donor animal, age, body condition and nutritional management for the donor and recipient animals, laboratory equipments, bull effect, cryopreservation and semen preparation method can be controlled and managed. In vitro production of embryos along with ovum pick up technology can be taken as one of conservation strategy to increase the number of endangered animals. In general In vitro Production of embryos can be regarded as the economic gain of the country if employed in a large scale program.

ABSTRACT
Probotics are non-pathogenic living microorganism which can be used in food in order to improve the normal flora of host intestine. Therefore, it is essential to select species that have the ability to survive a long time to maintain their role in industrial process. Probotic microorganism are isolated from gastrointestinal system lactobacillus and bifidobacterum species are widely known. Probotic supplemented animals have benefical effect on increase in milk production, improvement in productivity of animal due to probotic can be associated with an increase in digestion and absorption of nutrients. Probotic strains administered separately or in combination, significantly improved feed intake, feed conversion rate, daily weight gain and total body weight. Health benefit of probiotic are maintaining normal flora, protection of digestive tract, improvement of immune system, reduction in blood cholesterol levels and blood pressure, anti-cancer activity and improvement of nutrient absorption. Probotics are involved in treatment of disease. The improvement in metabolic process where due to improved development of gut and increased microvillus height which led to enlargement of the microvillus absorptive surface and enabled the optimal utilization of nutrient. The mechanisms of action of probotic bacteria and their effect in combating digestive disorders in animal and human has been demonstrated and supported in numerous scientific studies. Probotic bacteria are used in wide range of nutritional technique in order to support the host organism. The improvement in productive performance of livestock's and poultry species fed with probiotics was mostly due to promoted the metabolic processes of digestion and nutrient utilization, exerting enzymatic activities, increasing the passage rate of digestion and deconjugating bile salts and acids. The improvement in metabolic processes were due to improved development of the gut and increased microvillus height which led to ........

ABSTRACT
Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a significant bacterial infectious zoonotic disease not only poses a threat to animal health but also presents economic challenges and public health concerns due to its potential transmission to humans. Humans can contract the disease through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by the bacterium Anaplasma marginale which can cause adult mortality, abortion, weight loss, and a reduction in performance. This paper described the results obtained from the effects of brucellosis and anaplasmosis on serum proteins and the level of the macro elements (Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium). These minerals play an essential role in animal metabolism. Out of fourteen Bovine serum samples, five samples were found to be positive for Brucella (35.72%) and four samples were found to be positive for Anaplasma (28.57%), the remaining samples were negative. Total protein (Tb) and (Alb) levels were significantly increased (P<0.01) in both brucellosis and anaplasmosis cattle compared with controls. On the other hand Globulin (Glob) was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in brucellosis cattle compared to the controls, also the present study showed that, concentration of Na, Ca, and Mg minerals were significantly increased in case of Brucellosis compared to the controls and significantly low (P<0.05) in potassium level, while animals infected with anaplasmosis showed an increased level of Na and K and decreased level in Mg. In summary, comprehension of laboratory medicine parameters is crucial for monitoring animal health and diagnosing diseases like brucellosis and anaplasmosis. These parameters are essential for implementing effective control measures and ensuring livestock well-being. The objective of this study was to estimate the total proteins and minerals content of Bovine Brucellosis and Anaplasmosis in ...

ABSTRACT
Community-based breeding programs (CBBP) have been viewed as attractive breeding strategies, resulting in significant improvements in the performance of small ruminants and the income of producers in many parts of the world. As part of these interventions, a community-based breeding program was implemented on Abera sheep mostly reared in the region since 2013. An interview was conducted with 188 sheep producers (91 CBBP members) and 97 non-CBBP members) to know the contribution of CBBP in terms of sheep flock performance improvement and income of sheep producers in the Hula and Dara districts of Sidama region. Focused group discussions with 6–8 individuals in each breeder cooperative were separately made to complement the survey results. CBBP households owned significantly (p<0.05) larger sheep heads (7.28 versus 4.99) than non-CBBP members. CBBP households further had more market participation, sold significantly (p<0.05) higher average sheep (2.4 versus 1.3), and consequently earned significantly (p<0.05) higher annual income (ETB 3877) than non-participating (ETB 2007) households. The majority of CBBP households (85%) observed a better twining rate for their sheep flocks since they joined the breeding program. The average age of 8.63 months of a lambing interval, 7.9 months of ram maturity for breeding, and 10.42 months needed for a ram to achieve market age before implementation of the breeding program were significantly (p<0.05) reduced to 7.31 months, 6.2 months, and 7.69 months, respectively, after sheep producers started a selective breeding program. Low market integration (0.28), sheep mortality (0.21), feed shortage (0.20), low institutional support and coordination (0.17), and managerial problems of the committee (0.13) were major problems with the ranking index in parenthesis. Despite the significant contribution of the breeding program to sheep producers, the current study found weak and unsustainable institutional support for proper breeding ..........

ABSTRACT
A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2018 with the aim of determining the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and identifying the circulating species of trypanosomes and possible risk factors in and around Zenzelima, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Blood samples collected from a total of 74 cattle with different breed, age and sexes were subjected for trypanosomiasis screening using thick and thin smear methods. The overall prevalence of trypanosomiasis was found to be 4.1%. Trypanosoma vivax, was the only species found in the study area. Cattle with poor body condition were highly infected (4.1%) than medium body conditioned animals (0.0%) with (P=0.031) indicating a statistically significant association. High prevalence was observed in Gediro village (2.7%) followed by Sefatira. However; there are no positive cases detected in Sesaberet village. High prevalence of infection was observed in cross breeds (2.7%) than local breeds (1.4%), however; it was statistically insignificant. Prevalence was slightly higher in females (2.7%) than males (1.4%). Likewise, prevalence rate was higher in adult (2.7%) than in young (1.4%) cattle. Although the current prevalence of trypanosomiasis in the study area is low, treatment of sick animals and vector control strategies should be implemented, particularly in Gediro area.

ABSTRACT
One of the major contributors to poor fertility and fail to attain a one-year calving calendar of a dairy herd is inability to know all behavioral oestrus sign and ineffective detection of estrus. As behavioral oestrus sign and physical change is different between breed and even individual variability is there, knowledge of primary and secondary oestrus sign is crucial. Recently, it has become evident that cow factors contribute largely to low detection rates. Until now, standing behavior, a primary oestrus sign has been the only considered symptom and used to determine the right moment for insemination. However, standing behavior is not observed in more than 50% of the cows in estrus. Therefore, the aim of the study was to map out the different behavioural and physical signs of estrus manifested in Boran and Holstein Frisian dairy cow after hormonally oestrus induced. A total of 40 (20 Boran and 20 Holstein Frisian breed) 31 multiparous and 9 primiparous which are apparently healthy cattle were used to study behavioral and physical signs of estrus, diurnal variations in the occurrence of estrus and the effect of estrus intensity on conception rate (CR). Seven (78%) of nine primiparous cows showed standing oestrus in addition to secondary oestrus sign. The other two primiparous cows showed secondary oestrous signs only. Twenty-seven (87%) of thirty-one multiparous cows showed standing oestrous in addition to secondary oestrus sign and the other four cows showed secondary oestrous signs only. Standing to be mounted, the primary oestrus sign was more pronounced in Holistein friesian 90% (18/20) compared to Boran breed 65% (13/20). Parity wise, standing to be mounted was equally manifested in primiparous and multiparous animals regardless of breed. Regardless of parity, standing to be mounted (65, 90%) Vaginal mucus discharge (55,90%), Bellowing (20,25%), head and side mounting (15,25%), grouping and circling (40,70%), sniffing and liking (60,95%), chain resting.......