ABSTRACT
A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2018 with the aim of determining the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and identifying the circulating species of trypanosomes and assessing possible risk factors in and around Zenzelima, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Blood samples collected from a total of 74 cattle with different breed, age and sexes were subjected for trypanosomiasis screening using thick and thin smear methods. The overall prevalence of trypanosomiasis was found to be 4.1%. Trypanosoma vivax, was the only species found in the study area. Cattle with poor body condition were highly infected (4.1%) than medium body conditioned animals (0.0%) with (P=0.031) indicating a statistically significant association. High prevalence was observed in Gediro village (2.7%) followed by Sefatira. However; there are no positive cases detected in Sesaberet village. High prevalence of infection was observed in cross breeds (2.7%) than local breeds (1.4%), however; it was statistically insignificant. Prevalence was slightly higher in females (2.7%) than males (1.4%). Likewise, prevalence rate was higher in adult (2.7%) than in young (1.4%) cattle. Although the current prevalence of trypanosomiasis in the study area is low, treatment of sick animals and vector control strategies should be implemented, particularly in Gediro area.

ABSTRACT
Community-based breeding programs (CBBP) have been viewed as attractive breeding strategies, resulting in significant improvements in the performance of small ruminants and the income of producers in many parts of the world. As part of these interventions, a community-based breeding program was implemented on Abera sheep mostly reared in the region since 2013. An interview was conducted with 188 sheep producers (91 CBBP members) and 97 non-CBBP members) to know the contribution of CBBP in terms of sheep flock performance improvement and income of sheep producers in the Hula and Dara districts of Sidama region. Focused group discussions with 6–8 individuals in each breeder cooperative were separately made to complement the survey results. CBBP households owned significantly (p<0.05) larger sheep heads (7.28 versus 4.99) than non-CBBP members. CBBP households further had more market participation, sold significantly (p<0.05) higher average sheep (2.4 versus 1.3), and consequently earned significantly (p<0.05) higher annual income (ETB 3877) than non-participating (ETB 2007) households. The majority of CBBP households (85%) observed a better twining rate for their sheep flocks since they joined the breeding program. The average age of 8.63 months of a lambing interval, 7.9 months of ram maturity for breeding, and 10.42 months needed for a ram to achieve market age before implementation of the breeding program were significantly (p<0.05) reduced to 7.31 months, 6.2 months, and 7.69 months, respectively, after sheep producers started a selective breeding program. Low market integration (0.28), sheep mortality (0.21), feed shortage (0.20), low institutional support and coordination (0.17), and managerial problems of the committee (0.13) were major problems with the ranking index in parenthesis. Despite the significant contribution of the breeding program to sheep producers, the current study found weak and unsustainable institutional support for proper breeding ..........

ABSTRACT
One of the major contributors to poor fertility and fail to attain a one-year calving calendar of a dairy herd is inability to know all behavioral oestrus sign and ineffective detection of estrus. As behavioral oestrus sign and physical change is different between breed and even individual variability is there, knowledge of primary and secondary oestrus sign is crucial. Recently, it has become evident that cow factors contribute largely to low detection rates. Until now, standing behavior, a primary oestrus sign has been the only considered symptom and used to determine the right moment for insemination. However, standing behavior is not observed in more than 50% of the cows in estrus. Therefore, the aim of the study was to map out the different behavioural and physical signs of estrus manifested in Boran and Holstein Frisian dairy cow after hormonally oestrus induced. A total of 40 (20 Boran and 20 Holstein Frisian breed) 31 multiparous and 9 primiparous which are apparently healthy cattle were used to study behavioral and physical signs of estrus, diurnal variations in the occurrence of estrus and the effect of estrus intensity on conception rate (CR). Seven (78%) of nine primiparous cows showed standing oestrus in addition to secondary oestrus sign. The other two primiparous cows showed secondary oestrous signs only. Twenty-seven (87%) of thirty-one multiparous cows showed standing oestrous in addition to secondary oestrus sign and the other four cows showed secondary oestrous signs only. Standing to be mounted, the primary oestrus sign was more pronounced in Holistein friesian 90% (18/20) compared to Boran breed 65% (13/20). Parity wise, standing to be mounted was equally manifested in primiparous and multiparous animals regardless of breed. Regardless of parity, standing to be mounted (65, 90%) Vaginal mucus discharge (55,90%), Bellowing (20,25%), head and side mounting (15,25%), grouping and circling (40,70%), sniffing and liking (60,95%), chain resting.......

ABSTRACT
Background: Biosecurity in the poultry refers to a set of practices and measures taken to limit, control, or prevent the introduction and dissemination of infectious diseases in the poultry premises and facilities. Material and Methods: A survey was employed from January 2020 to October 2020 to assess the knowledge and practices of the biosecurity status of 36 commercial chicken farms established in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, by interviewing farm owners using a structured questionnaire. The gathered data was summarized using frequency tables and analyzed with Pearson’s chi-square test and Fischer’s exact value using Stata 14 statistical software. Results and Discussion: From the assessed chicken farms, 25 (69.44%) had previous experience in rearing chickens. Among those owners, 9 (25%) refused to disclose their level of education, and 16 (44.44%) didn’t receive training on chicken farm management. Among the 36 Dire Dawa chicken farms, 24 (66.67%) were located within 0-50 m from the main road and 29 (80.56%) farms were established within 500 m from the nearest farm and 21 (58.33%) placed within 0-20 m from residential areas. (Table 3). 30 (83.33%) participants disclosed their employees didn’t receive training on biosecurity. From the chicken farms assessed, 26 (72.22%) had fences, 32(88.89%) had footbaths at the gate, 27 (75.00%) prohibited the entrance of visitors, 3 (8.33%) didn’t exchange equipment with other farms, each of the 36 (100%) farms didn’t used surface water for drinking or cleaning, 20 (55.56%) stay informed regarding disease outbreak in the area (Table 4). However, only 5 (13.89%) undertook a permanent rodent control strategy. Furthermore, 22 (61.11%) farms were easily accessed by wild birds, each of the 34 (94.44%) farms purchased day-old chicks, feed and shared trucks as well. Among the assessed farms, only 2 (5.56%) had signages to restrict people's access, 7 (19.44%) had isolation room for diseased chickens, 11 (30.56%) farm properly ......

ABSTRACT
Conducting multi-location trials along with the commercial varieties and genotype by environment (G x E) data analysis are vital to breeders to develop superior genotypes and to meet the challenges posed by environmental factors. This research was undertaken to evaluate maize hybrids for yield, to assess the effect of G x E on grain yield, and determine the yield stability of hybrids across major maize growing areas of Ethiopia. A total of 24 maize hybrids including standard checks (BH546, BH547, BH661 and Limu) were evaluated at six locations (Bako, Jimma, Pawe, Ambo Wendogenet and Asosa) in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the 2020 cropping season. The hybrids had significant differences for grain yeild at all locations. The analysis of variance for mean squares for genotype, location and G x E were significant. The hybrids SXM1910007, WE3106 and WE7131 were the most stable and high yielding with mean grain yield of 8.68 t/ha, 8.06 t/ha and 7.98t/ha, respectively, which was higher than best commercial checks. Therefore identified as the best widely adapted hybrids across locations. In conclusion, the identified desirable maize hybrids could be used as candidate varieties for cultivation in major maize growing areas of Ethiopia. However, the identified hybrids need to be further evaluated under verification trial over many locations to be recommended as commercial varieties.

ABSTRACT
The term "microbiota" refers to the complex, delicately balanced ecological community that makes up the human body and contains symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. The gut-brain-immune axis, a bidirectional communication route, is a vital component of this system of living beings in integrating the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Despite the wealth of research in human medicine, the relationship between unusual behavioural phenotypes and changes in animals gut microbiota has received little attention in the literature in the past. The scientific word for conventional animal healthcare is ethno veterinary medicine, which offers affordable options to allopathic medications. In this research work we prepared a remedy (Digestovet bolus) effective for all gastrointestinal issues, including anorexia, indigestion, off-feed, a lack of ruminating, impaction, etc. Digestovet Bolus is traditionally given orally to working bullocks to treat anorexia and off-feed. It works well for digestive disorders, diarrhoea, and impaction, lack of rumination, repeated breeding/reproductive issues, and internal parasites. It is additionally utilized as an immunity booster to stave off illnesses including blue tongue, fever, mastitis, and hemorrhagic sepsis.

ABSTRACT
Prevalence and molecular characterization of trypanosome species in flies within Bayelsa oil palm, Bayelsa State, Nigeria was investigated through molecular characterization. Fifteen (15) biconical standard traps, baited with cow urine were deployed in the study area for tsetse and tabanid trapping. A total of two hundred and two (202) flies were caught and preserved in well labelled bottles containing 99% ethanol for morphological identification. Out of the 202 caught and identified, 199 (98.5%), 2(0.99%) and 1(0.5%) were tabanid, stomoxes and tse tse flies respectively. Out of the 199 tabanid flies identified, 4(2.0%) were infected while stomoxes and tse tse flies were not infected. Molecular analysis showed that the all the four tabanids were infected with Trypanosoma brucie brucei. The prevalence of trypanosome was recorded to be 4/202(2%). Tabanids was the most abundant vector in the study area and it is a potential vector of trypanosomiasis as it harboured Trypanosoma brucei brucei.