ABSTRACT
Various high yielding glutinous corn varieties have been developed and NSIC registered, however, the national and regional yield averages are still very low. A study therefore, was conducted to increase the yield of glutinous corn in Ilocos Norte though modification of planting distance and fertilizer rate. Experimental setups were established for two consecutive dry seasons from 2019-2021 which were laid-out in Split-Plot following the randomized complete block design with three replications using MMSU Glut 1 variety as test plants. Soil pH level of the soil before and after harvest from a depth 0-20 cm and 21-40 cm was increased from 7.26 to 7.52 and 7.33 to 7.60, respectively. MDR plots have higher OM at the 0-20 cm depth by 11.67% to 15.55% as N levels applied increase from 120 to 200 kg N ha-1. At 90 DAE, glutinous corn fertilized with 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 was significantly taller by 4.2% and 10.77%; higher ear height by 9.6% and 21.40%, longer ear length, and wider ear diameter than those applied with 120-60-60 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 and unfertilized corn plants, respectively. Heavier ear weight and larger seed size were attained from treatment combination of PD 75 cm x 20 cm and FR of 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O kg ha-1 and PD – MDR and FR of 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1. Combination of PD (MDR) and FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 obtained the highest shelling percentage of 93.23%. PD and FR significantly affected the agronomic fertilizer use efficiency (AFUE) of glutinous corn. Application of FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 provided glutinous corn an increased in yield of 17.5% (PD 75 cm x 20 cm), 55% (PD 60 cm x 20 cm) and 105% (PD 80:30 cm x 20 cm) over FR 180-80-80 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1, FR 120-60-60 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1, and the unfertilized, respectively. Treatment combination of PD MDR and FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 gave glutinous corn higher yield by 28.10% using the combination of PD 60 cm x 20 cm and FR 200-100-100 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 and 29.53% using ...

ABSTRACT
Background: Liver fibrosis is a critical health problem that can result in serious illness and death. L-carnitine (LC) is a naturally occurring compound which transports fatty acids through the inner mitochondrial membrane for consequent beta-oxidation. It acts as an antioxidant to lessen cellular oxidative stress. Carnitine is essential for the transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for subsequent β-oxidation. This study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of LC via modulation of Nrf2 signaling and TLR4 targeting pathways in rats with liver fibrosis induced by Thioacetamide (TAA). Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wister rats were assigned into four groups as follows: Group 1 served as a normal non- treated control. Rats in group 2 were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with Thioacetamide (TAA) twice a week at a dose of 200 mg/kg B.wt for 6 weeks to produce liver fibrosis. Two weeks following TAA injections, 50 and 100 mg/kg of LC were administered to the rats in groups 3 and 4, respectively concurrently with TAA injections until end of the experiment (6 weeks). Results: Intraperitoneal injection of LC decreased the levels of liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rats with liver fibrosis induced by TAA. Malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels were significantly decreased in LC treated groups. LC injection increased albumin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione (GSH) levels. Additionally, expression of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) was increased and expression of TLR4 was decreased in LC treated groups according to PCR data. The biochemical findings were supported by histopathological findings. Regarding immunohistopathological examination, the LC treated groups reduced hepatic expression of caspase-3 an

ABSTRACT
In bovines the economic losses mainly due to the outbreak of diseases, leads to mortality, morbidity, treatment cost and reduced production. Recently in August month of 2024, received 13 bovine suppurativeotitis samples from outbreak in KuppamMandal of Chittoor district. The history having the purulent discharges with foul smell from ear infections of cattle that to crossbreed cattle of all age groups are affected. After 5 days of appearing aural discharges the animals were also shown the nervous signs, head tilting and other clinical findings includes unilateral or bilateral ear droop, epiphora, ptosis, abnormal nystagmus, strabismus, regurgitation, stiff neck, opisthotonus, facial hyperesthesia, purulent aural discharge, nasopharyngeal collapse, recumbency and finally death were noticed in severely affected animals. All the samples were processed for cultural tests by inoculating in PPLO selective broth and selective media PPLO agar then incubated anaerobically at 370C and observed the color development in broth pink to yellow color after 3- 5 days of incubation indicative of positive growth and fried egg micro colonies on selective PPLO agar media after 8-14 days of incubation observed under low power and 40X. The DNA was isolated from all the samples and screened for presence of Mycoplasma by targeting 16s rRNA gene and found that out of 13 samples 10 were positive for genus Mycoplasma and produced the predicted 280bp size product in all positive samples. The suppurativeotitis in cattle usually is caused by Actinomyces spp., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, E. coli, Heamophilus, P.multocida, Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp., and Mycoplasma bovis. This study was targeted only the emerging pathogen i.e the cellwall deficient bacteria Mycoplasma because of infections is hampered by a lack of effective vaccines and specific treatments, leads to increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance. Concluded that isolation and identification of the pathogenic ........

ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at Bismillah poultry farm in Peipur Village, Zakigong Upazila, Sylhet district, using 90-day-old chicks of the "Lohman strain" commercial broilers. The objective was to investigate the impact of Aloe vera supplementation on various aspects of broiler performance, including growth, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and physicochemical properties of the meat. Ninety chicks were allocated and randomly assigned to four treatment groups and a control group, with each group replicated three times and consisting of six broilers per replication. Aloe vera gel was incorporated into the diets at four different concentrations: 0.1% in T1, 0.2% in T2, 0.3% in T3, and 0.4% in T4. The control group (T0) was not administered any Aloe vera supplementation. The results of the experiment showed that broilers in the T4 group, which received 0.4% Aloe vera gel in their diets, exhibited a significant increase in feed consumption compared to the other groups (p<0.05). These birds also demonstrated significantly higher body weight gain (p<0.05) than the other groups. Additionally, the T4 group had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) compared to the other groups. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the application of Aloe vera gel enhances broiler production. The Aloe vera-induced treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4) resulted in greater body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. Therefore, it is recommended to use Aloe vera gel to enhance the meat production performance and improve the carcass of the broiler.

ABSTRACT
In vitro embryo production is a process of creating a live animal through a combination of different procedures by oocyte collection from the female donor animal, maturation of oocytes in vitro, fertilization of oocytes in vitro and culturing embryos under a controlled laboratory environment. Production of embryos in vitro plays a role for improvement of cattle reproductive potential along with other technologies such as Ovum pick-up, Embryo transfer, Artificial insemination, gamete sexing, cryo preservation and genetic selection. Major advantages of in vitro production of embryos is that oocytes can be retrieved from slaughtered, juvenile, pregnant and old cattle. This helps to utilize a female cattle reproductive potential fully and produce greater number of embryos in a less amount of time unlike Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer program which takes a long day. Another advantage of production of embryos in vitro is utilization of less semen. It takes only one straw of semen to fertilize more than two hundred oocytes. In vitro Production of embryos can be used to genetically select high potential female and male animal to produce genetically proved animal with a good performance for improving dairy and beef production. In vitro production of embryos will only be successful if factors such as breed of donor animal, age, body condition and nutritional management for the donor and recipient animals, laboratory equipments, bull effect, cryopreservation and semen preparation method can be controlled and managed. In vitro production of embryos along with ovum pick up technology can be taken as one of conservation strategy to increase the number of endangered animals. In general In vitro Production of embryos can be regarded as the economic gain of the country if employed in a large scale program.

ABSTRACT
Probotics are non-pathogenic living microorganism which can be used in food in order to improve the normal flora of host intestine. Therefore, it is essential to select species that have the ability to survive a long time to maintain their role in industrial process. Probotic microorganism are isolated from gastrointestinal system lactobacillus and bifidobacterum species are widely known. Probotic supplemented animals have benefical effect on increase in milk production, improvement in productivity of animal due to probotic can be associated with an increase in digestion and absorption of nutrients. Probotic strains administered separately or in combination, significantly improved feed intake, feed conversion rate, daily weight gain and total body weight. Health benefit of probiotic are maintaining normal flora, protection of digestive tract, improvement of immune system, reduction in blood cholesterol levels and blood pressure, anti-cancer activity and improvement of nutrient absorption. Probotics are involved in treatment of disease. The improvement in metabolic process where due to improved development of gut and increased microvillus height which led to enlargement of the microvillus absorptive surface and enabled the optimal utilization of nutrient. The mechanisms of action of probotic bacteria and their effect in combating digestive disorders in animal and human has been demonstrated and supported in numerous scientific studies. Probotic bacteria are used in wide range of nutritional technique in order to support the host organism. The improvement in productive performance of livestock's and poultry species fed with probiotics was mostly due to promoted the metabolic processes of digestion and nutrient utilization, exerting enzymatic activities, increasing the passage rate of digestion and deconjugating bile salts and acids. The improvement in metabolic processes were due to improved development of the gut and increased microvillus height which led to ........

ABSTRACT
Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a significant bacterial infectious zoonotic disease not only poses a threat to animal health but also presents economic challenges and public health concerns due to its potential transmission to humans. Humans can contract the disease through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by the bacterium Anaplasma marginale which can cause adult mortality, abortion, weight loss, and a reduction in performance. This paper described the results obtained from the effects of brucellosis and anaplasmosis on serum proteins and the level of the macro elements (Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium). These minerals play an essential role in animal metabolism. Out of fourteen Bovine serum samples, five samples were found to be positive for Brucella (35.72%) and four samples were found to be positive for Anaplasma (28.57%), the remaining samples were negative. Total protein (Tb) and (Alb) levels were significantly increased (P<0.01) in both brucellosis and anaplasmosis cattle compared with controls. On the other hand Globulin (Glob) was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in brucellosis cattle compared to the controls, also the present study showed that, concentration of Na, Ca, and Mg minerals were significantly increased in case of Brucellosis compared to the controls and significantly low (P<0.05) in potassium level, while animals infected with anaplasmosis showed an increased level of Na and K and decreased level in Mg. In summary, comprehension of laboratory medicine parameters is crucial for monitoring animal health and diagnosing diseases like brucellosis and anaplasmosis. These parameters are essential for implementing effective control measures and ensuring livestock well-being. The objective of this study was to estimate the total proteins and minerals content of Bovine Brucellosis and Anaplasmosis in ...