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Colon cancer is among the most prevalent and fatal malignancies and among the most deadly type of tumor in the world. Chemotherapy and surgery are the main choices of treatment for cancer patients. However, Resistance to chemotherapy remains one of the greats challenges mostly for patients with metastatic lesions. This study will provide a comprehensive review of different mechanisms of colon cancer chemotherapy resistance in cancer stem cells including, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), activation of DNA damage checkpoints, hindrance of the over-expression of antiapoptotic regulatory element, the dormant state of colon cancer, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, 5-fluorouracil resistance mechanisms in colon cancer, and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels will be reviewed. In this paper, the possible mechanisms of chemoresistance in colon cancer are systematically described, which will be beneficial to the further research of chemoresistance in colon cancer.

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Aim: To determine the place of abdominal wounds among abdominal traumas and to describe their clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study based on analysis of the records of patients seen for abdominal stab wounds in the general surgery department of the N'Zérékoré regional hospital during the period from January 2011 to December 31, 2020. Epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary parameters were studied. Results: Out of a total of 745 cases of abdominal trauma, we found 89 cases of abdominal stab wounds, a frequency of 12.49%. The average age was 36, with a clear male predominance (78%). Pupils/students were the most represented (32.58%), and criminal assault was the most common circumstance (70.79%). Operative treatment was the most common (74%), and the small intestine was the organ most affected (34.84%); the after-effects were simple in 89.39% of patients, and we recorded 4 deaths (6.06%). Conclusion: Stab wounds of the abdomen are a real public health problem in Africa, especially in low-resource countries such as ours. Surgery is still indicated for severe injuries or complications.

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Introduction: Sickle cell disease is one of the most common genetic haemoglobinopathies. It is a major public health problem and kidney insufficiency is common among adult patients with the disease. The sickle haemoglobin leads to tissue hypoxia, causing acute tissue damage and chronic organ dysfunction including chronic kidney disease. Aim: To assess the prevalence and pattern of kidney disease among sickle cell patients in UMTH, Maiduguri, Borno State. Method: A hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 at the GOP and haematology clinics of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Two hundred and forty (240) SCA participants receiving medical care at the outpatient sickle cell clinic were enrolled in the study. An equal number of age and sex-matched controls with Hb AA were also recruited. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain demographic information, clinical history, blood pressure, and anthropometry. Blood and urine samples were taken for serumcreatinine and proteinuria determination respectively. The estimated GFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Data was analysed using International Business Machines-Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS) version 21. P –value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Kidney disease was present in 44.6% of participants with SCA and present in 15% of the controls. The prevalence of hyperfiltration (GFR >120ml/min) and reduced GFR <60ml/min were also significantly higher in the SCA compared with controls 17.5% vs 1.7% and 38.3% vs 12% respectively. (p-value < 0.001). Serum creatinine levels correlated positively with albuminuria (r = 0.178; p = 0.006), while PCV correlated negatively with albuminuria (r = -0.178; p=0.006). The significant predictors of kidney dysfunction were the presence of albuminuria and high diastolic BP, with odd ratio (confidence interval) ...............

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Introduction: Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in patients under 25 years of age. The occurrence of mandibular rhabdomyosarcoma in a pregnant woman is rare with an incidence of 0.07 to 0.1 and the literature describes one case per 1000 deliveries. Only biopsy and histological examination make a definitive diagnosis. Treatment is based on a combination of chemoradiation and surgery. Objectives: To describe the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of mandibular rhabdomyosarcoma in pregnant women. Observation: It was a 19-year-old patient who had consulted for left mandibular swelling evolving over 28 weeks. A morphological assessment had been requested but being almost full-term, the patient chose to let her pregnancy progress. She was seen again after delivery with a swelling that had tripled in volume with abundant bleeding on the alteration of the general condition. The imaging concluded that there was a large osteolytic mass of the mandible. The biopsy performed came back in favor of an infiltrating pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. Treatment consisted of radiation therapy followed by surgery. The evolution was marked by the death of the patient after 01 month of radiotherapy. Conclusion: Rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive malignant tumor that most often affects subjects under 25 years of age and its appearance in pregnant women is rare.

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Background: The lifetime incidence of inguinal hernia is 3% in women and 27% in males. Although surgery is the advised course of action, opinions on the most effective technique are divided. Though there are worries about the possibility of chronic groin pain, open repair is the most common method. The recurrence rate of laparoscopic repair is yet unknown, but it is becoming more and more accepted because of the decreased risk of chronic discomfort. This overview compares the risk of chronic groin pain and recurrence between laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repairs. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the comparative efficiency between laparoscopic versus open surgery for inguinal hernia repair. Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Avicenna Hospital Limited, Sirajganj, Bangladesh, from July 2022 to June 2023. A total of 50 patients were enrolled and analyzed in this study. The questionnaire was pretested, corrected and finalized. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, maximum study patients were in the 41 – 50 years age group. The mean age of the study patients was 41.2 ± 9.2 and 45.1 ± 13.2 years in Laparoscopic surgery and Open surgery group respectively. Most of the patients 22(88.0%) and 23 (92.0%) were male in Laparoscopic surgery group and Open surgery group. About 12 (48.0%) and 8 (32.0%) patients BMI were in between 25.0 – 29.9 kg/m2, 6 (24.0%) and 14 (56.0%) patients BMI in between 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2 and 7(28.0%) and 3(12.0%) of the patients were overweight (>30 kg/m2) in both Laparoscopic surgery and Open surgery group. Mean ± SD of the study subjects was 25.13 ± 3.12 and 24.02 ± 2.72 years in Laparoscopic surgery and Open surgery group respectively. The period of complaint prior to surgery was 1 – 2 months of 14(56.0%) ..........

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Background: Thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism) have been known to affect renal function although studies regarding this are scanty. The goal of this study is to evaluate renal dysfunction in newly diagnosed untreated patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism using serum cystatin C. Methods: A total of 115 patients, 70 females and 45 males age 20 – 55 years with 60 cases of newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism and 55 cases of newly diagnosed hypothyroidism as well as 80 healthy controls (50 females and 30 males) matched for sex and age. Serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (fT3), free tetraiodothyronine (fT4) and cystatin C were measured in all the cases and controls. Serum fT3, fT4 and TSH was analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique using stat – fax- 2100. The serum cystatin C was evaluated using immunoturbidimetric method on TOSOH AIA 360 immuno assay machine. Results: In this study, serum cystatin C levels were significantly higher in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients compared to controls (1.06 + 0.12 vs 1.26 + 0.27 vs 0.7 + 0.14; P - 0.01). Conclusion: Renal dysfunction has been observed in patients with untreated thyroid disorders and therefore, there is need to screen all such patients for renal function.

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Background: Cardiovascular diseases, including stroke, heart failure and kidney disease, have been common in sub-Saharan Africa for many years. These cardiovascular diseases have been linked to several risk factors which are classified as modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors amongst middle-aged adults attending the outpatient clinic of Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado Ekiti, Ekiti state. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 206 middle-aged adults attending the outpatient clinic was carried out over 4 months. The respondents were selected through systematic sampling. The instrument used was a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for service solution (SPSS) version 23. Results: The respondents were aged 40-64 years, with a mean age of 51.47±7.83. There was a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk profiles among middle-aged adults with the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and hypertension being 73.3% and 46.1% respectively. Conclusion: This study shows the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged adults. Family physicians should therefore actively seek to screen their patients for cardiovascular risks while also engaging in the education of patients on positively modifying the modifiable risk factors.