ABSTRACT
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming an important health problem worldwide. Since genetic risk factor is implicated in CKD development, this study aimed at assessing association of eNOS gene polymorphism and chronic kidney disease in Maiduguri. One hundred and forty (140) CKD patients and 70 apparently healthy controls participated in this study. Five milliliters (5ml) of whole blood were taken from each participant and sent to genetic laboratory. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using GDSBio Blood Genomic DNA extraction kits. Then PCR and Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed to genotype Glu298 ASP, VNTR in intron4 and T786C variant of eNOS gene using special primers for three genes. In this study CKD patients had an average age of 49.51±16.7 years compared to 45.65±16.70 years for controls. Also 82 (58.57%) of CKD patients were hypertensive as compared to 26 (37.14%) control subjects. This study demonstrated significant association between eNOS gene polymorphism Glu298 ASP (P=0.000), VNTR in intron4 (P=0.000), T786C (P=0.005) and CKD. The study found significant associations between eNOS gene polymorphisms and CKD. These findings may guide clinical interventions aimed at slowing CKD progression, including the management of genetic risk factors.

ABSTRACT
Background: Among different histological staining methods for Helicobacter pylori, the Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining method is commonly used in most clinical laboratories. Rubia cordifolia, a herbaceous climber, commonly known as the Madder plant is well known for its colour which is commercially exploited in the textile industry. In this study, we explored whether this colouring agent can be utilized for staining H. pylori in histological sections. Methods: At first, we studied the nature and intensity of the Rubia root extract with different solvents and mordants. Then we observed that an excellent orange-yellow colour was developed when acetic acid was mixed with ethanol extract of the root powder. Results: A combined Haematoxylin and this extract not only stained H. pylori in an excellent way, but also revealed hidden bacteria in gastric pits and mucus very easily. Conclusion: A combined haemaxylin and Rubia (H&R) stain appear ideal for the demonstration of H. pylori in histological sections.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to estimate the antifungal properties of a lesser-known plant Phyllodium longipes, renowned for its traditional medicinal values. Plant extract prepared using ethanol was tested against common fungal pathogens and in presence of antifungal activities the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined to study the effectiveness of the extract. The rise of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) fungal strains is causing major concerns among researchers and clinicians, as the antifungals are not very effective against MDR strains. The research will particularly focus on the plant’s antifungal activity against MDR strains.

ABSTRACT
Background: Malaria is one of the most prevalent public health problems worldwide. Globally, nearly half the world’s population remains at risk of malaria transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito vector. Chemical insecticides used to control the malaria vector are toxic and cause environmental deprivation. Therefore, safe, environmentally friendly, and effective alternative methods are needed to control malaria vectors. The study objective was to isolate and characterize Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) strains and evaluate their insecticidal activity against malaria vectors. Methods: Soil samples were collected from different sites in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Serial dilution was conducted in normal saline; Cutured Coommasie Brilliant Blue staining was performed. BT strains were isolated and characterized based on morphological, microscopic parasporal crystal staining, and biochemical characteristics. Toxicity was assessed by bioassay against Anopheles mosquito larvae. Results/Discussion: Thirteen isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis were identified and characterized based on their morphological, microscopic parasporal crystal staining, and biochemical characteristics. From resuts found that some of the BT strains were 75% effective and while others demonstrate 100% larvicidal potential similar with the reference strain Bti and better than Btk NCIM 2514 within 24 hrs. Conclusions: Five Bacillus thuringiensis isolates showed significantly higher larvicidal efficacy against Anopheles mosquito larvae. Among them, three isolates were promising candidates for future applications in mosquito biocontrol.

ABSTRACT
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder with no known cure, primarily characterized by hypotonia, feeding difficulties, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral abnormalities. Conventional medical treatments focus on symptom management through hormonal therapy and strict dietary control, yet the root cause remains unaddressed. This study explores an alternative approach based on the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door, demonstrating the effectiveness of spiritual practices in alleviating symptoms of PWS. By applying the Five Golden Buddhist Practices, significant improvements were observed in motor skills, cognitive function, and overall well-being. These findings suggest that PWS is not solely a genetic condition but also a manifestation of karmic retribution and spirit occupation. This case study provides compelling evidence that Dharma practices can complement conventional treatments, offering new hope for those affected by PWS.

ABSTRACT
This research sought to determine the associations between bulb yield and other traits and to measure their effects of yield attributes on bulb yield of garlic genotypes. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications using twenty garlic genotypes with one standard check variety (HL) at Kulumsa Agricultural Research center, during 2020-2021. Yield and agronomic traits were determined. The data from two years were analyzed separately because the homogeneity of error variances of both seasons were not similar. In both seasons the association analyses indicated that the bulb yield was positively and significantly associated with plant vigor (0.9762), plant height (0.9057), neck thickness (0.5918), leaf width (0.7527), number of clove per bulb (0.766), cloves weight (0.9621), bulb polar diameter (0.9247), pseudo stem length (0.7885), clove height (0.9161), clove diameter (0.6412). Days to maturity and leaf length were negatively correlated with bulb yield at genotypic and phenotypic level. Consequences of path analyses indicated that bulb polar diameter (1.2478), clove height (1.0911), clove weight (0.9621), plant height (0.9057) and plant vigor (0.9762) had the highest positive direct effect on bulb yield at genotype level in first season and number of clove per bulb (0.9971), leaf width (0.9126), neck thickness (0.9912) in the 20221 season. On the other hand, most of the indirect effects of yield components on bulb yield were significant and positive. Because of the significant direct effects and positive correlations of those traits on bulb yield at phenotypic and genotypic levels, may be observed as important traits for garlic genotypes selection programs.

ABSTRACT
Fall armyworm is one of the challenges in the agricultural sector. It is a major insect pest of maize and other crops. Currently, farmers use chemical insecticides to reduce such losses. However, chemical insecticides cause the development of insecticidal resistance in insects, environmental pollution, human health hazards, harm to non-target species, etc. Therefore, agrarian look for safe and effective alternative approaches, biological control to fall armyworm. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticide is a major alternative to solve these problems. This study aimed to isolate and characterize local Bt isolates from soil and water samples of different sites in Amhara and Afar Region and laboratory testing of their insecticidal activity against fall armyworm. The data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance. A total of 18 soil and water samples were collected from study sites to isolate Bt variety. Morphological and biochemical methods were used to characterize and identify Bt isolates. Based on results, a total of 21 Bt isolates were recovered from102 bacillus species- Bt like a colony and the overall Bt index corresponding to the whole sampling areas was 0.2. From total isolates, 7 isolates had a high potential to kill FAW within 72 hrs. W3C and M8E isolate were best as compared to other potential isolates, including reference strains because they were killed after 48 hrs. To conclude Screening of soil and water samples from different sources and habitats may be useful to obtain potential Bt isolates with broader host ranges and high potential for insecticidal activity.