ABSTRACT
Despite the commercial links that exist among Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda, with maize as the most heavily traded agricultural commodity, there is a deficiency in the empirical literature on the price transmission of maize or any other traded agricultural commodity among these countries. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature by examining the spatial price transmission of wholesale maize grain prices among these countries using the Nonlinear ARDL model. The empirical results indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between wholesale maize prices in Uganda and those in Tanzania. However, a 1% increase (decrease) in wholesale maize prices in Kenya leads to a 0.8943% (0.7363%) increase (decrease) in wholesale maize prices in Uganda. Similarly, a 1% increase (decrease) in wholesale maize prices in Kenya leads to a 0.6079% (1.1752%) increase (decrease) in wholesale maize prices in Tanzania. On the other hand, a 1% increase (decrease) in wholesale maize prices in Uganda leads to a 0.5652% (0.6487%) increase (decrease) in wholesale maize prices in Kenya, while a 1% increase in wholesale maize prices in Tanzania leads to a 0.3635% increase in wholesale maize prices in Kenya. These findings are relevant for the development of strategies to improve market conditions and enhance growth in trade among the three countries.

ABSTRACT
Managers need to determine the company's optimal cash holding. However, it is also important to understand the factors that influence the company's cash holding. The study uses a panel data regression analysis tool, with a sample of 12 companies selected by purposive sampling during the 2015-2020 period. The selected regression model is the fixed effect model. The results of the investigation show that the profitability and liquidity factors have a significant effect on cash holding. Profitability has a negative effect, and liquidity has a positive effect.

ABSTRACT
Many digital products emerged during the digital era as humans began to coexist with them. Telecommunications is one of many changes in human life due to the development in the current era. There are numerous telecommunications companies in Indonesia today, including PT. Telkom Indonesia, Tbk, PT. Indosat, Tbk, PT. XL Axiata, Tbk, and others. PT Telkom Indonesia is Indonesia's largest telecommunications and network service provider. It is a large and well-known company among young people in West Kalimantan. As a result, it strives to provide the most recent innovations and the best customer service. Customer handling has a significant impact on Customer Satisfaction and ensures a positive image for the community. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Complaint Handling on Customer Loyalty which, in turn, would have an impact on Customer Satisfaction at PT Telkom Indonesia. To collect the data, researchers distributed a questionnaire to 205 respondents who were chosen using a purposive sampling technique. Subsequently, the obtained data were analyzed employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via AMOS 26 statistical software. The findings indicated that 1) Complaint Handling had a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty, 2) Complaint Handling had a positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, 3) Customer Loyalty had a positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, and 4) Customer Loyalty could mediate the relationship between Complaint Handling and Customer Satisfaction.

ABSTRACT
Islamic (Sharia) banks are financial institutions that follow Islamic principles and moral values. The Indonesian people, mostly Muslims, have increased the potential for Islamic banking in Indonesia. Complaint handling and good service quality, as well as meeting customer expectations, will undoubtedly have an impact on customer satisfaction, including those who save or use other bank products. Long-term customer loyalty is automatically affected by satisfied customers. Hence, it has encouraged many banks, particularly Islamic banks, to be more effective and efficient in their business operations, including maintaining customer satisfaction and loyalty, because their survival is heavily dependent on customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study aimed to analyze the impact of Complaint Handling and Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty at the Pontianak Branch of Bank Kalbar Syariah. Respondents included 201 people selected using a purposive sampling technique. Research data were collected by administering questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via AMOS 26 software. The findings revealed that: 1) Complaint Handling and Service Quality had a positive and significant impact on Customer Satisfaction, 2) Complaint Handling and Service Quality had a positive and significant impact on Customer Loyalty, 3) Customer Satisfaction had a positive and significant impact on Customer Loyalty, and 4) Customer Satisfaction mediated the impact of Complaint Handling and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty.

ABSTRACT
E-commerce transforms market mechanisms in the process of interaction in buying and selling transactions. The increasing interest of consumers to carry out online purchasing activities has made companies and sellers’ market their products massively through the Internet. Through the convenience offered by the e-commerce system, people only need to visit shopping sites and order goods or services through electronic devices such as mobile phones or computers. This study aimed to examine the effect of ease of use and trust on repurchase intention mediated by e-satisfaction on Shopee online platform users. The hypothesis built in this study would be tested with a causal research design. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) utilizing the AMOS 24 software was the statistical tool to investigate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The data collection method used a questionnaire with 288 respondents.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effect of entrepreneurial and market orientation on business performance and test the ability to mediate innovation between entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation on business performance in SMEs in Indonesia. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in a country's economy. It makes SMEs very interesting to study. The form of research used in this study is a descriptive quantitative research method with a causal approach. The data collection method used a questionnaire with a sample of 219 respondents who owned SMEs through a purposive sampling technique—using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 24 tools. The results of this study indicate that Entrepreneurial Orientation and Market Orientation have a positive and significant effect on Business Performance. The Ability to Innovate also has a positive and significant effect on Business Performance. It plays a significant mediating role in the Entrepreneurial Orientation and Market Orientation of SMEs in Indonesia.

ABSTRACT
This research is about the condition finance credit guarantee (Jamkrida) in Indonesia and aims to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the financial condition of liquidity, risk guarantee, asset management, and profitability. The study population is 18 Jamkrida in Jamkrida, Indonesia. The sample was determined in a census; however, only 11 companies were available for the data. Period observation for four years is divided into before the Covid-19 pandemic in 2018-2019 and during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020-2021. Data sourced from their website company and analyzed in a manner descriptive and different tests in pairs. Research results show no significant difference in ratio liquidity, ratio of guarantee risk, and asset management before and during the covid 19 pandemic, meaning the covid-19 pandemic is not influential to these three variables. However, there is a significant difference in profitability before and during the Covid-19 pandemic; in other words, the Covid-19 pandemic affects acquisition profit.