ABSTRACT
Trauma in the oral mucosa due to orthodontic apparatus can be present at any stage of the treatment and must be considered a latent risk of the latter. Therefore, mucosa must be frequently examined to ensure that the apparatus isn't causing damage that, in some cases, may be irreversible. It is essential for a dentist to recognize oral lesions such as mucocele visually and to bring the proper treatment to the patient. The dentist must inform the patient of the risks present during orthodontic treatment and perform the pertinent and periodic examination of the oral mucosa to avoid unnecessary discomfort to the patient and deflect any distrust that may arise on dental treatment as a whole. This paper reports a case of mucocele in a teen in the late stages of orthodontic treatment and a 15-year-old patient with a previous report of mucocele that had been removed but showed signs of recidivism. Both lesions were treated by surgical removal, and no further recidivism was reported.

ABSTRACT
Background: In dental prosthetics many advances have been achieved, but the great problem is still having with us: that is the resorption of the residual alveolar ridge and managing or preventing the secondary soft tissue changes brought on by bone loss. Objective: To evaluate the rate of resorption of alveolar ridge height of maxillary anterior arch in patients treated with immediate partial denture. Materials and Methods: This observational comparative study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University for the duration of one year. On the basis of inclusion criteria patients were initially included in the study. A written informed consent was obtained from every patient. Study sample divided equally into two groups, Group A and Group B. Each group consists of 15 patients. Group A patients were treated with extraction of teeth followed by immediate denture prosthesis and group B patients were treated with extraction of teeth, but not provided by any prosthesis. Data were collected on the basis of alveolar bone resorption in the period of 1 month, 3 months and 6 months of extraction on a predesigned data collection sheet. Results: Mean vertical height at one month follow up was 25.48 (±2.41) mm in group A and 23.43 (±2.85) mm in group B which was statistically significant. Mean vertical height at three month follow up was 23 (±1.33) mm in group A and 22 (±2.99) mm in group B which was statistically significant. Mean vertical height of alveolar bone at six month follow up was 22.5 (±2.71) mm in group A and 21.5 (±3.18) mm in group B which was also statistically significant. Conclusion: Patient treated with immediate partial denture following extraction of teeth shows less alveolar bone resorption than patients treated without immediate partial denture.

ABSTRACT
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the destruction of the supporting structures of teeth, primarily due to bacterial infection and immune response. The ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) model is commonly used to replicate this condition in experimental settings, facilitating the study of inflammation and bone loss as well as testing therapeutic strategies. In this study, we aimed to establish an experimental ligature-induced periodontitis model in mice and evaluate the extent of alveolar bone loss over a 10-day period and discuss advantages and limitations. Eight 10-week-old pathogen-free C57BL/6 male mice were divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=4) with ligature placement and a control group (n=4) without ligature. Under sedation, a silk suture (6-0) ligature was placed around the maxillary second molar (M2) of the experimental group to induce bacterial accumulation, gingival inflammation, and bone resorption over 10 days. Bone resorption was confirmed through microscopic analysis. The experimental group demonstrated a significant increase in alveolar bone loss compared to the control group. The average distance from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) was greater in the ligature group, while no bone loss was observed in the control group (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated a clear correlation between the experimental conditions and outcomes, highlighting the murine periodontitis model as a valuable tool for studying inflammatory conditions. These findings offer insights into bone loss mechanisms and may aid in developing targeted therapies for bone resorption in periodontitis.

ABSTRACT
Alginate, discovered in 1881 by British chemist E.C.C. Stanford, is a polysaccharide isolated from seaweed. Since its introduction into dentistry in 1940, it has been used as an impression material due to its hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, which allow dimensional changes during impression and solidification. For optimal impression, type 3 plaster is recommended, which presents lower expansion and longer setting time, ensuring dimensional accuracy. In addition, the stability of the dental model is crucial, including mechanical and dimensional strength. Plastic and metal trays offer different advantages and disadvantages in impression taking. 126 plaster models made with 9 brands of alginates were reviewed: Super Gayz, Kromopan, Tulip, Cavex CA37, Alginoplast, Tropicalgin, Tulip Color Switch, Max Print Cyan and Biogel. The models were divided into three groups according to the type of tray: perforated plastic, perforated metal and smooth Rim Lock type. Each group was evaluated by gelation tests with room temperature water and cold water (4°C), using plaster types 2 and 3, and either removing the plaster immediately or after waiting 4 minutes. The distance between the central development groove of the lower left first molar and the central development groove of the lower right first molar was measured as 44.16 mm. When analyzing the perforated plastic trays with plaster types 2 and 3, the brands Super Gayz, Kromopan, Tulip, and others maintained an average of 44.15 mm with plaster type 2 and 44.15 mm with plaster type 3, showing consistent results in dimensional accuracy.

ABSTRACT
Dental anxiety, or dental phobia, is a widespread issue that prevents many individuals from seeking necessary dental care, leading to potential oral health problems. The roots of dental anxiety often include fear of pain, needles, helplessness in the dental chair, concerns about appearance, and past negative experiences. Sensory stimuli such as noise, smell, and touch can also heighten discomfort during dental visits. This article explores the multifaceted nature of dental anxiety and presents strategies to alleviate it, emphasizing the importance of a patient-centered approach. By engaging all five senses—taste, smell, sight, sound, and touch—dentists can create a calming and supportive environment that helps reduce anxiety. These sensory interventions, combined with clear communication, empathy, and appropriate medications, have the potential to reduce anxiety and improve the overall patient experience. Understanding the neurological basis of anxiety, including the role of the amygdala and other brain regions, offers insight into how sensory stimulation can modulate emotional responses and promote relaxation. Ultimately, fostering a positive, patient-centered dental environment enhances comfort, trust, and satisfaction, leading to better oral health outcomes and an improved patient experience.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Chronic gingival diseases are primarily caused by microorganisms present in dentobacterial plaque, which can be controlled through mechanical methods like brushing or chemically using mouthwashes. The Autonomous University of Baja California has developed a chitosan-based molecule enriched with colloidal silver nanoparticles (EPX® Biomolecule), which acts as an antiseptic and is administered topically. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EPX® Biomolecule mouthwash in the treatment of chronic gingivitis. Methods: An experimental study, phase I clinical trial, was conducted involving a randomized sample of 50 adult patients diagnosed with chronic gingivitis, treated at the Santé Dental Clinic from January to December 2022, following the acquisition of informed consent. The study comprised a case group of 25 patients treated with EPX® Biomolecule mouthwash, compared against a control group of 25 patients receiving 2% chlorhexidine oral rinse. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: The majority of participants were women (54%), under 30 years of age (92%), students (58%), and had completed high school (82%). At 15 days, both treatments exhibited similar effects; however, chlorhexidine showed a marginally better response at 30 days, which was statistically significant for the Gingival Index (p = 0.01) and the Hemorrhagic Index (p = 0.01). No significant differences were observed in dentobacterial plaque levels, although adverse reactions were noted with chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Both treatments effectively reduced bleeding and gingival edema, with chlorhexidine demonstrating improved outcomes at 30 days. There were no differences in plaque control, and an isolated adverse reaction was associated with chlorhexidine.

ABSTRACT
In modern dentistry, the development of intelligent dental materials marks a significant innovation aimed at enhancing patient care and treatment outcomes. These materials, which dynamically respond to changes in the oral environment, include self-healing dental fillings, antibacterial properties, color-changing indicators for early decay detection, biocompatible implants, and temperature-sensitive prosthetics. This paper explores various categories of intelligent dental materials, emphasizing their potential to improve restoration longevity, promote oral health, enhance patient comfort, and facilitate early intervention. As ongoing research continues to refine these innovations, intelligent dental materials promise to revolutionize dental practices and patient experiences, paving the way for a new era of preventive and restorative dentistry.