ABSTRACT
Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the management of a case of malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva at the National Hospital of Zinder in Niger and review of the literature. Observation: This was a young adult, 46 years old, male, from Agadez, with an unfavorable socioeconomic status, with no particular history referred for an upper left eyelid tumour. On examination, his general condition was preserved. On inspection, a mass hanging from the free edge of the left upper eyelid was noted; resulting in total mechanical ptosis preventing examination of the condition was preserved. On inspection, a mass hanging from the free edge of the left upper eyelid was noted, resulting in total mechanical ptosis preventing examination of the anterior segment. Palpation of the orbital rim did not note anything in particular, the lymph node areas were free. On the ophthalmological examination, on the right the visual acuity from afar without correction was 10/10 with a normal biomicroscopic examination, on the left the visual acuity was counting the fingers at one meter and a biomicroscopy hampered by the ptosis The assessment laboratory was normal, the orbitocerebral computed tomography showed the conjunctival origin of the tumor without notion of extension in the vicinity. Macroscopically complete excision was performed. Histopathological examination of the approximately 5 cm surgical specimen noted a malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva with impregnation of the margins (R1 resection). Adjuvant treatment with mitomycin C was instituted. The postoperative course was simple. After 6 months of postoperative follow-up, the ophthalmological examination was normal and the search for metastases was negative. Conclusion: Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a rare neoplasia that can mimic a palpebral tumor. Histopathological examination remains important for treatment and monitoring.

ABSTRACT
Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has globally impacted how people interact, communicate and work. Facemask use has been advocated by the World health organization (WHO) and several global bodies with growing studies linking its accurate use to decreasing COVID-19 variant cases and associated deaths. For it to be effective in preventing further transmission of Covid-19 and its variants, they have to be worn properly and correctly. Health experts globally and the Nigerian Center for Disease Control (NCDC) have also issued guidelines on the use of facemask within the hospital environment in combination with regular hand hygiene and physical and social distancing to curtail the spread of the virus. Unfortunately information is scanty on the extent to which commuters visiting hospitals comply with this regulatory preventive behaviour. This study therefore assessed the level of compliance with the use of face masks and influencing factors among University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan commuters. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design and observatory survey was used. The sample population was calculated using the Cochran formula and a standard normal value of 1.96 at 95% confidence interval and 5% marginal error with a prevalence of 50%. A simple random sampling technique was adopted in selecting the target population of 260 commuters within UCH premises. Data collection was carried out within 3days from the hours of 8 am -10 am and 12 pm–2 pm. The information obtained from respondents includes the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of Covid-19, adherence to the use of facemask, factors promoting and hindering use among users and non-users, satisfaction towards the use of facemask, and the willingness to use facemask in the future. Data was coded and entered into the IBM statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 22nd edition) to analyze and interpret the data collected. Tables, inferences and charts were used for data representation. ...........

ABSTRACT
Background: Breast carcinoma is one of the most frequent malignancies in women which can cause tumor deaths. Although there are measures for early recognition like screening with development in treatment procedures but many patients may eventually develop this malignancy. Methdos: This study was a prospective study which was carried out at the department of Oncology in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was conducted in between the period of 2017-2019. The total sample size for this study was 80. Result: 38(47.5%) were aged between 41-50 years. 78(98%) participants were female and only 2(2%) patients were male. Lump in the breast was seen in all 80(100%) cases and followed by pain in the breast was present in 59(73.8%) patients, nipple discharge in 16(20%), skin fixation over lump in 14(17.5%), fixation of lump to chest wall in 11(13.8%) and nipple retraction in 21(26.3%). The most patients had carcinoma on left breast and 36(45%) in right breast and only 2(3%) had problem on both sides. Infiltrating duct carcinoma was found in most 74(92.5%) cases and followed by Mucinous carcinoma in 3(3.8%), Medullary carcinoma in 1(1.3%), Tubular carcinoma in 1(1.3%) and Papillary carcinoma in 1(1.3%). Upper & outer quadrant was seen in most 34(42.5%) cases and followed by upper & inner quadrant in 19(23.8%), lower & outer quadrant 8(10%), lower & inner quadrant in 6(7.5%), Central in 11(13.8%) and whole breast in 2(2.5%). Stage I was found in 8(10%) cases and followed by stage II in 11(13.8%), most of the respondents 43(53.8%) were in stage III and stage IV in 18(22.5%). Conclusion: The breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among the women over the world. Although there are many risk factors but the possibility of emerging breast cancer mostly increases with rising age. So, effective measures for the early detection and proper treatment is required.

ABSTRACT
Background: The increasing rate of obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2DM) are impending major threats to the health of African Population but the magnitude of the two in middle age Nigerians is not known. We assessed the burden of obesity and T2DM among elderly middle belt Nigerians. Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was conducted among the population living in Lafia town. After biodata and clinical examination, including arthrometric measurements of weight and height was conducted. Standard BMI was calculated. A casual glucose and fasting blood glucose was determined using serum enzymatic glucose oxidase method. The diagnostic criteria were taken as fasting glucose at ≥ 7.0mmol/L and casual glucose at ≥ 11.1mmol/L. Results: In Lafia town the prevalence of Class I obesity was 62.6% there is a perfect correlation of 1.000 between BMI and glucose, meaning that as the BMI of a person increases, blood glucose concentration always increases and vice versa. The correlation between age and glucose concentration (0.0447) reflects a very weak positive relationship, indicating that BMI may differ at different ages. i.e. as the age of a patient increases, there is a slight tendency that the BMI may also increase. Conclusion: This study showed high risk of T2DM and obesity among middle belt Nigerians living in Lafia town due to sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise in addition to indiscriminate diet. There is need for regular screening for diabetes and hypertension. Use of portable electronic BP machine is advocated. There should be lifestyle modification like regular exercise, control of excessive alcohol intake and dietary advice.

ABSTRACT
Family planning program is a global scale program that is encouraged not only to overcome the population issues but also contribute to decreasing the maternal and neonatal mortality rate. Indonesia is one of the countries that are committed to incite this program, especially among the fertile-age couples, because of the complexity of the population and health issues in this country. Nevertheless, the participation of the fertile-age couple in this program which is marked with the usage of contraceptives has not reached the expectation. The purpose of this research is to analyze the determinants or factors related to the use of contraceptives among fertile-age couples. This study uses quantitative research with cross-sectional time approach on 100 women of fertile-age couples. The variables collected by interview with questionnaire. The variables that are statistically related to the use of contraceptives are knowledge (p value=0.036, CC=0.224), culture (p value= 0.014, CC=0.257), husband support (p value=0.000, CC=0.442) and the role of health worker (P value=0.000, CC=0.417). The most dominant factor on contraceptive usage is husband support. The result of this study is expected to give information for family planning program managers for designing program to increase the usage of contraceptives in their work area.

ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic non-communicable disease is ranked 7th killer disease in the world. With the current prevalence rate in the country, the number of people living with diabetes mellitus in Nigeria will increase to 4.8 million by the year 2030. The research aimed at evaluating LD50 and antidiabetic of solvents (Aqueous, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Hexane) leaves extracts of Carica papaya in alloxan induced diabetic rats as well as characterization of most active extract. Twenty rats were used for acute toxicity studies, while thirty-five rats were used for the second phase of the study in which solvents extract of the leave were screened for hypoglycaemic activities. Forty rats were used for the third phase of the research to screen the column chromatography fractions obtained from the most active solvent extract. Acute toxicity studies showed all extracts to be practically non-toxic with oral LD50 greater than 5000mg/kg. Second phase of the research observed that chloroform extract possesses the highest activity among the four extracts, while fraction II was shown to possess the highest activity from the column chromatography fractions. The fraction was also found to ameliorate liver damage as a result of diabetes. Conclusively, leaves extract of Carica papaya was found to lower fasting blood glucose of alloxan induced diabetes rat, the plant was also found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 5000mg/kg.

ABSTRACT
Liquor amnii plays important role both in the development of the fetus and antenatal assessment of the fetal wellbeing. Its cushioning effect protects the fetus from external trauma whereas a decrease in liqor may leads to flexion contracture in the fetus. A decrease in the liqor volume, with intact membranes, in the third trimester indicates decreased utero-placental flow and maybe the indication for early termination of pregnancy. This prospective study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh from January 2018 to December 2018, where 90 expectant mothers with oligohydramnios were studied with an aim to evaluate perinatal outcome after all required formalities. Oligohydramnios was associated with an increased incidence of induction of labor, non-reactive NST, meconium-stained liqor and CS. Neonates born to women with oligohydramnios had increased incidence of a low Apgar score, respiratory distress, LBW and NICU admission.