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Objective: Occupations and jobs have risk factors for medical disorders and diseases. Many of them are modifiable. Occupational exposures are one of the modifiable risk factors. Methods: It is a review article with search in related books, journals and websites to occupational medicine. Disorders, risk factors and preventive methods are found. Results: Chemical agents and physical factors are known but psychological stresses are important in recent decades too. Some studies researched in risk factors of cardiovascular disorders. Chemicals are very important, different type of them can cause cardiovascular disorders. Prevention from their effects is very necessary. This work could be done with engineering controls and personal protective equipment. Conclusion: Chemical agents and physical factors are known but psychological stresses are important. Prevention from their effects is very necessary.

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We report a case of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia in a 17 year old female who presented with intermittent fever, generalised body ache, loss of weight and appetite for one month duration. She had no other comorbidities. General examination, systemic examination and ultrasound study of abdomen were normal. Hemogram and peripheral smear revealed normal haemoglobin value (12.7g/dl) with moderate leucocytosis (31,100/ cmm), thrombocytosis (8.02 Lakh/ cmm) and moderate eosinophilia (Absolute eosinophil count 1946/ cmm). She was also found to have an elevated level of Lactate dehydrogenase (599 IU/L). All other lab investigations were within normal limit. ANA was negative.

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The occurrence of Soil Transmitted Helminths (STHs) and Helicobacter pylori among children in Port Harcourt Children’s home was investigated. Faecal and blood samples were collected from the participants. The faecal samples were examined for the presence of STHs using the direct smear and modified acid fast staining techniques while the blood samples were serologically investigated for the presence of H. pylori using the H. pylori IgG antibody kit. Out of the 99 children examined, 14(14.1%) and 54(54.5%) were positive for STHs and H. pylori respectively. The STHs identified included Hookworm (35.7%), Trichiuri trichiura (35.7%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (21.4%). Double infections of A. lumbricoides + H. pylori (21.3%), Hookworm + H. pylori (35.7%), T. trichiura + H. pylori (35.7%) and mixed infection of A. lumbricoides + Hookworm + H. pylori (7.1%) was recorded. The occurrence of H. pylori in relation to sex, age and level of education among the children showed no statistical significance (p < 0.05). Health education of the children and sustenance the policy and health strategies that ensure low prevalence of the infections should be encouraged. Furthermore, there should deliberate action plan to improve on the availability and accessibility to healthcare in the study area.

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Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the frequency of thyroid dysfunction and abnormal uterine bleeding. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out at North East Medical College and Hospital, Sylhet from January 2019 to August 2019. A convenient sample of 40 women with AUB was selected after eligibility to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Another sample of 40women with normal cycle selected as control cases. Results: During the study, comparing AUB women with control women with no AUB revealed no significant differences regarding occupation (p=0.9), marital status (p=0.2), parity (p=0.3), BMI (p=0.3), and euthyroid women wile on thyroid replacement therapy (p=1.0). There was a significant association between positive contraception history and women with AUB (p=0.001). No significant differences were observed between AUB women and controls regarding post coital bleeding (p=0.1) and history of Pap smear (p=0.07). There was a significant association between intermenstrual bleeding and women with AUB (p=0.02). The common interesting findings in our study were the significant association between high TSH level and women with AUB (p=0.002). No significant differences were observed between AUB women and controls regarding T3 level (p=0.5). Women with AUB were significantly associated with low T4 level (p=0.04); 10% of AUB women had low T4 level. a significant association was observed between women with AUB and hypothyroidism (p=0.003); 22% of AUB women had hypothyroidism while 2% of controls had hypothyroidism. Conclusion: A significant cause of thyroid dysfunction is abnormal uterine bleeding in women of reproductive age. Thyroid hormones should be taken into account in the evaluation of patients with unexplained uterine bleeding.

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Background: Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) and phacoemulsification are common procedures for cataract surgery these days. Contrary to phacoemulsification, where its machines are expensive to buy and to maintain; demanding expensive surgical consumables and extensive surgical training, MSICS is emerging as a popular technique with all the merits of phacoemulsification along with its wider applicability, safety, easy learning curve, and low cost and machine-independent nature. Because of this, MSICS is being widely practiced in countries like Nepal. Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the outcome of visual acuity of first-day postoperative patients undergoing MSICS and phacoemulsification group and their effectiveness. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study of the visual outcome of the first day of postoperative patients was compared in a large sample of 2083 patients, including 1492 patients with MSICS and 591 patients with phacoemulsification from January 1 2019 to December 31, 2019. Preoperative and postoperative data were collected and analyzed using MS Excel and IBM SPSS V20 to cross-check the analysis outcomes. Results: The statistical analysis shows the comparable result of good visual acuity (6/6 – 6/18) in both groups. It also revealed that among the two groups, the occurrence of the post-operative complication is more in the phacoemulsification group. Conclusion: In the developing world, MSICS can be taken as a choice because it is cost-effective, machine-independent, and has a reduced chance of postoperative complication. MSICS produces a good visual outcome compared with phacoemulsification.

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Laboratory requisition form provides information about the laboratory test being requested for. They carry demographic data of patient, patient identification number, name of doctor, clinical findings, information about any other relevant test if done. Research has demonstrated that most laboratory errors occur in the preanalytical phase of testing. In view of the paucity of studies examining preanalytical errors, we evaluated our FNAC requisition forms and a retrospective study was conducted in department of pathology. All the FNAC requisition forms received during the period of January to August 2019 were retrieved from the archives and analyzed for completion of preanalytical data. Results were expressed in percentage and depicted in tabular form. In our study we have seen that patient name, age, sex, were mentioned in 100% of FNAC requisition forms which were most completely provided data, followed by patient IP number (99%), doctors signature (95%) and site of FNAC (95%). Patient occupation was mentioned in 2% of FNAC requisition forms, which was the least provided data, followed by patient contact number (7%), relevant investigations (24%) and address (26%). Out of 200 requisition forms only 2% were complete and 98% of the requisition forms had one or more missing data. As laboratory data influence medical diagnoses, incorrect or incomplete data provided to laboratory could significantly impart the success and cost of overall treatment.

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Purpose: Retinoblastoma is rare disease but potentially fatal if left untreated. This study aimed to evaluate demographic profile, treatment and complications in survivors of retinoblastoma in tertiary care center in 2019. Method: This is multicentric hospital based cross sectional study conducted from January 2019 to December 2019 after ethical clearance from National Health Research Council. All post-treatment cases of retinoblastoma who had completed at least 1-year follow-up examination in any of our retinoblastoma (RB) center in 2019 were included whereas newly diagnosed and ongoing treatment cases and those failed to consent were excluded. Data based on demographic profile, ethnic and geographical distribution of RB survivors was collected and entered into Microsoft Excel 2016. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Result: A total of 37 RB survivors that included 24(64.9%) female and 13(35.1%) male. Of the total, 34 (91.8%) survivors had unilateral (Right Eye 18, Left Eye 16) involvement whereas 3(8.1%) bilateral involvement. The mean age at diagnosis and study time was 38.65 ± 37.43 months (3-214 months) and 93.46 ± 65.58 months (16-252 months) respectively. Primary enucleation was commonest mode of treatment (64.9%). Majority of survivors belonged to upper caste group 20(54.1%) and mostly from Bagmati 15(40.5%) followed by province-2 (21.6%). Conclusion: Descriptive study showed that most of survivors had undergone enucleation due to delayed presentation with poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment modality are prerequisite for salvaging life of child, sight and eyeball.