ABSTRACT
Background: Neonatal sepsis or septicemia is the term that has been used to describe the systemic response to infection in a newborn infant during the first 28 days of life. Neonatal mortality is increasingly recognized as an important global public health challenge that must be addressed if we wish to reduce child death disparities between rich and poor countries. Most of the estimated 4 million neonatal deaths per year occur in low and middle-income countries. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Method of the Study: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the Department of Neonatology, BSMMU, Dhaka over a period of 6 months between January 2013 to June 2013. Newborns with suspected sepsis admitted to BSMMU were the study population. Clinically diagnosed cases of neonatal sepsis aged < 28 days of both sexes whose parents or guardians provided informed consent were eligible for enrollment in the study. The subjects were selected consecutively from the study population. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest. Data were processed and analyzed using the computer software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The test statistics used to analyze the data were Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher’s Exact Probability Test & Student’s t-Test. Result: The sensitivity of CRP in correctly detecting neonatal sepsis of those who have the disease is 94.44%, while the specificity of the test in correctly differentiating neonates who do not have the disease is 13.72%. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the test is 27.86% and the negative predictive value of the test is 87.5%. The percentages of false positives and false negatives as yielded by the test are 72.13% and 12.5% respectively. Conclusion: The sensitivity of CRP was higher at 94.44% but specificity was low 13.72%. A combination of tests may increase the sensitivity, ........

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Hypospadias is a congenital defect that affects the development of the urethra in males, causing the urethral opening to be located on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip. Repair of hypospadias is a surgical procedure that aims to create a normal-appearing and functional penis that allows for normal urination. The tubularized incised-plate (TIP) technique is a widely used surgical approach for correcting distal hypospadias. TIP urethroplasty can be performed using either continuous or interrupted suture techniques. The present study aims to compare the complications of these two techniques in TIP urethroplasty for the repair of hypospadias. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to compare the complication rate among continuous and interrupted suture in TIP urethroplasty for anterior hypospadias repair. Methods: This Prospective Randomized comparative study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 5 years, from July 2017 to June 2022. After some drop-out patients, a total of 68 patients had been left, with Group-1 having 35 continuous suture TIP urethroplasty, and Group-2 having 33 interrupted sutures TIP urethroplasty. Result: The mean age of participants was 41.15±24.46 months in Group-1 and 38.05±25.14 months in Group-2. The mean weight of participants was 17.79±6.37 kg and 19.14±9.19 kg in Group-1 and Group-2 respectively. Operation time in group 1 and group 2 was 66.86±3.51 minutes and 79.38±5.04 minutes respectively, with statistically significant difference. But none of the post-operative complications had significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: The study showed that although operative time was significantly lower among patients undergoing continuous suture for TIP urethroplasty instead of interrupted suture TIP urethroplasty, the overall complications rate had no significant difference between the groups.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: DDH is the most common congenital anomaly of the musculoskeletal system in newborns. The disease ranges from a simple flattening of the acetabular cavity to the complete dislocation of the femoral head. Most developed countries report an incidence of 1.5 to 20 cases of DDH per 1000 births, depending in part on the methods of screening used. It includes a wide spectrum of hip alterations: neonatal instability; acetabular dysplasia; hip subluxation; and true dislocation of the hip. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of the Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH) in children. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January2018 to December 2021. Result: In total 54 neonates completed the study. In our study we found majority (53.70%) of children were aged less than 4 months old. Followed by 25.93% & 20.37% were aged 1-2 months & 3-4 months respectively. Majority of neonates were girls (61.11%) compared to boys (38.89%). The highest risk factors of DDH was breech presentation (19%).We found that majority of neonates (70.37%) had dysplasia on left side and 7.41% had dysplasia on right side respectively. The prevalence of bilateral condition was 12(22.22%). Conclusion: DDH a common congenital anomaly that can be successfully treated non-operatively if detected early. For older individuals with dislocated or unstable hips, surgery is necessary. Surgery's function in treating acetabular dysplasia in children is changing and largely determined by symptoms. Expanding therapy choices for DDH and improved anatomical patient assessment skills among doctors will result in the proper intervention at the right time.

ABSTRACT
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) or Von Recklinghausen disease is one of the most frequent genetic diseases with polyvascular manifestations, including the eye. Its prevalence was variously estimated varying between 1/7800 and 1/2000. The diagnosis of NF1 is essentially clinical based on criteria established by the consensus conference of the National Institute of Health (NIH) in 1988. Several complications have been reported by numerous authors in cases of plexiform neurofibromas sometimes associated with congenital glaucoma. We report two cases of monocular blindness, complications of this disease in children, responsible for stigmatization by their peers and school dropout, seen at the National Hospital of Zinder, Niger.

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Background: India was a part of Covid-19 pandemic & experienced a massive surge of cases during second wave. Tears & conjunctival secretions were also thought to be source of infection. Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of conjunctival swab positivity for SAR-COV-2 by rRT-PCR and to find an association between ocular symptoms & conjunctival swab (CS) positivity in patients with nasopharyngeal Swab (NPS) confirmed Covid-19 disease. Material & Methods: It was a prospective, international study on patients with NPS rRT-PCR Confirmed covid -19 disease. Complete history, Systemic & ocular examination along with basic parameters were documented. Clinical information about hospitalization & respiratory aid was recorded. Within 2 days of NPS, CS was taken. Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed by Microsoft Excel SPSS (Chicago Inc) Software for window & open epi software (version 3). Yates corrected Chi-square test was used to test association & prevalence was reported as a point estimate with 95% CI. Results: Out of 76 admitted patients. 72 NPS confirmed Covid -19 positive cases was included. Prevalence of CS positivity was 5.56% (4 patients) Mean age of sample was 64.11+- 20.408 years. Prevalence of CS positive in males was 10% & in females 2.38%. Prevalence of CS positivity in isolation ward was 1.61% where as in ICU it was 30%. Prevalence of CS positivity was 1.59% in Patients on high flow oxygen therapy, 25% in patients on BiPAP and 66.67% in patients on ventilator. Study showed OR-17.4, i.e. patients with ocular symptoms had 17.4 times more risks of CS positivity as compared to patients with no ocular symptoms. The association between ocular symptoms & CS positivity is statistically significant. Conclusion: Over all Prevalence of CS positivity is 5.6%. With increase in severity of disease, the prevalence of CS positivity increases and there is positive association between ocular symptoms & CS positivity.

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Reproduction is important evolutionary process that is necessary for the maintenance of life. Human fertility depends on a number of endocrine factors, one of which includes the regulation of thyroid hormone. The thyroid's role in neurocognitive and fetal development is of key importance. Any disruption in the regulation of the thyroid gives rise to a thyroid disorder. The underactivity of this gland will lead to a condition known as hypothyroidism. The prevalence of hypothyroidism is way more in females, especially during their reproductive period. Infertility in males is also a key concern nowadays. The prevalence of infertility in males is one of the concerning topics for the couple as a whole. The hormonal assessment serves as a guide for the evaluation of fertility. The metabolic activity of iodine in the regulation of thyroid normal function is very essential. The present narrative review aims to evaluate thyroid hormone physiology, hypothyroidism, the major types of hypothyroidism, its correlation with fertility, and with the patients that are suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome. This review article will discuss the iodine association with hypothyroidism and its potential role in fertility. It will aim to provide a precise understanding of associated thyroid disorders that are majorly linked with male infertility.

ABSTRACT
Pterygium is a frequent pathology that affects the appendages of the eye. It is a degenerative fibrovascular lesion of the bulbar conjunctiva appearing in the palpebral fissure and extending over the cornea, mainly in the nasal region [1]. It is frequently found in tropical regions [1]. Most are asymptomatic but can lead to eye morbidity associated with aesthetic consequences. Its symptomatology is dominated by irritation, watering, tingling, and discomfort. Decreased visual acuity is related to flooding, lamella penetration, and corneal deformation [2-4]. His treatment remains surgery. Several techniques are described such as simple excision, excision with graft (auto, amniotic membrane), use of adjuvants, and Beta irradiation [5, 6]. Complications remain rare but formidable. Management varies according to schools and availability. The most severe constitute perforation with often recourse to keratoplasty.